Coenzyme Q10 protects against 6 GHz electromagnetic field-induced liver injury via suppression of inflammatory responses associated with NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Abstract

We evaluated endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in hepatic tissues following 6 GHz electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and the protective effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). The experimental design included 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly assigned to three groups: (i) sham control group, (ii) 6 GHz EMF exposure group, and (iii) 6 GHz EMF exposure + CoQ10 treatment group. Rats in the exposure groups were subjected to 6 GHz EMF exposure for 2 h/day over 30 consecutive days. Rats in the exposure groups were subjected to 6 GHz EMF exposure (0.21 mW/cm2; specific absorption rate: 0.014 W/kg) for 2 h/day over 30 consecutive days. In addition, the animals in the CoQ10 treatment group received CoQ10 orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day throughout the exposure period. After completing the experimental protocol, hepatic tissue samples were obtained for subsequent analyses. Comparative analyses revealed significant differences in TBARS, GSH, TNF-α, IL-1β, ALT, and AST levels across the control-6 GHz and 6 GHz -6 GHz + CoQ10 groups. Exposure to 6 GHz EMF increased histopathological damage and liver histopathological score values, whereas CoQ10 markedly reduced these changes and suppressed glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, oxidative 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and nuclear factor kappa B p65immunoreactivitiesy. 6 GHz EMF induces hepatic dysfunction via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, whereas CoQ10 mitigates these effects of EMF exposure.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Exposure to 6 GHz EMF increased liver histopathological damage and was associated with hepatic dysfunction involving oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and DNA damage. Oral CoQ10 reduced histopathological changes and suppressed GRP78, CHOP, 8-OHdG, and NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivities compared with EMF exposure alone.

Outcomes measured

• Hepatic TBARS
• Hepatic GSH
• TNF-α
• IL-1β
• ALT
• AST
• Liver histopathological damage and score
• Glucose-regulated protein 78 immunoreactivity
• C/EBP homologous protein immunoreactivity
• 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine immunoreactivity
• NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity
• Oxidative stress
• Endoplasmic reticulum stress
• Inflammation
• DNA damage

Limitations

• Animal study, limiting direct applicability to humans
• Small sample of 24 rats
• Only male rats were studied
• Exposure duration was limited to 30 days

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "RF (6 GHz)",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 6000,
        "sar_wkg": 0.01400000000000000029143354396410359186120331287384033203125,
        "duration": "2 hours/day for 30 consecutive days"
    },
    "population": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats",
    "sample_size": 24,
    "outcomes": [
        "Hepatic TBARS",
        "Hepatic GSH",
        "TNF-α",
        "IL-1β",
        "ALT",
        "AST",
        "Liver histopathological damage and score",
        "Glucose-regulated protein 78 immunoreactivity",
        "C/EBP homologous protein immunoreactivity",
        "8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine immunoreactivity",
        "NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity",
        "Oxidative stress",
        "Endoplasmic reticulum stress",
        "Inflammation",
        "DNA damage"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Exposure to 6 GHz EMF increased liver histopathological damage and was associated with hepatic dysfunction involving oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and DNA damage. Oral CoQ10 reduced histopathological changes and suppressed GRP78, CHOP, 8-OHdG, and NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivities compared with EMF exposure alone.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Animal study, limiting direct applicability to humans",
        "Small sample of 24 rats",
        "Only male rats were studied",
        "Exposure duration was limited to 30 days"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.979999999999999982236431605997495353221893310546875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "6 GHz",
        "radiofrequency electromagnetic field",
        "Coenzyme Q10",
        "liver injury",
        "oxidative stress",
        "endoplasmic reticulum stress",
        "inflammation",
        "DNA damage",
        "NF-κB/p65",
        "Sprague-Dawley rats"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

Comments

Log in to comment.

No comments yet.