Comparative Study of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field, Radiation, and Temozolomide Administration in Spheroid and Monolayer Forms of the Glioblastoma Cell Line (T98).

PAPER pubmed Current radiopharmaceuticals 2023 In vitro study Effect: benefit Evidence: Very low

Read original paper → DOI: 10.2174/1874471016666221207163043 PMID: 36503396 Evidence Lab

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system. The patient's median survival rate is 13.5 months, so it is necessary to explore new therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVE: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) has been explored as a noninvasive cancer treatment. This study applied the EMF with previous conventional chemoradiotherapy for glioblastoma. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of EMF (50 Hz, 100 G), temozolomide (TMZ), and radiation (Rad) on gene expression of T98 glioma cell lines in monolayer and spheroid cell cultures. RESULTS: Treatment with Rad and EMF significantly increased apoptosis-related gene expression compared to the control group in monolayers and spheroids (p<0.001). The expression of apoptotic-related genes in monolayers was higher than the similar spheroid groups (p<0.001). We found that treatment with TMZ and EMF could increase the gene expression of the autophagy cascade markers compared to the control group (p<0.001). Autophagy-related gene expression in spheroids was higher than in the similar monolayer group (p<0.001). We demonstrated that coadministration of EMF, TMZ, and Rad significantly reduced cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression in monolayers and spheroids (p<0.001) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The combinational use of TMZ, Rad and, EMF showed the highest antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways and inhibiting cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression. Furthermore, EMF increased TMZ or radiation efficiency.

AI evidence extraction

At a glance

Study type

In vitro study

Effect direction

benefit

Population

—

Sample size

—

Exposure

ELF · 0.05 MHz

Evidence strength

Very low

Confidence: 78% · Peer-reviewed: yes

Main findings

In T98 glioma cells grown as monolayers and spheroids, radiation plus EMF increased apoptosis-related gene expression versus control (p<0.001). TMZ plus EMF increased autophagy marker gene expression versus control (p<0.001), and combined EMF+TMZ+radiation reduced cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression versus control (p<0.001).

Outcomes measured

Apoptosis-related gene expression
Autophagy cascade marker gene expression
Cell cycle gene expression
Drug resistance gene expression

Limitations

In vitro study in a single glioblastoma cell line (T98)
Outcomes are gene expression markers rather than clinical endpoints
Exposure duration not reported in the abstract
Sample size not reported in the abstract

View raw extracted JSON

{
    "study_type": "in_vitro",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 0.05000000000000000277555756156289135105907917022705078125,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Apoptosis-related gene expression",
        "Autophagy cascade marker gene expression",
        "Cell cycle gene expression",
        "Drug resistance gene expression"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In T98 glioma cells grown as monolayers and spheroids, radiation plus EMF increased apoptosis-related gene expression versus control (p<0.001). TMZ plus EMF increased autophagy marker gene expression versus control (p<0.001), and combined EMF+TMZ+radiation reduced cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression versus control (p<0.001).",
    "effect_direction": "benefit",
    "limitations": [
        "In vitro study in a single glioblastoma cell line (T98)",
        "Outcomes are gene expression markers rather than clinical endpoints",
        "Exposure duration not reported in the abstract",
        "Sample size not reported in the abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "very_low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field",
        "ELF-EMF",
        "50 Hz",
        "100 G",
        "glioblastoma",
        "T98",
        "temozolomide",
        "radiation",
        "spheroid",
        "monolayer",
        "apoptosis",
        "autophagy",
        "gene expression"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract/metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This content is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice.

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