Adverse effects of 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phones on bone and skeletal muscle

Abstract

Adverse effects of 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phones on bone and skeletal muscle Bektas H, Nalbant A, Akdag MB, Demir C, Kavak S, Dasdag S. Adverse effects of 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phones on bone and skeletal muscle. Electromagn Biol Med. 2023 Feb 16:1-9. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2023.2179065 Abstract The goal of this study was to biomechanically and morphologically research both the impact of mobile phone like radiofrequency radiations (RFR) on the tibia and the effects on skeletal muscle through oxidative stress parameters. Fifty-six rats (200-250 g) were put into groups: healthy sham (n = 7), healthy RFR (900, 1800, 2100 MHz) (n = 21), diabetic sham (n = 7) and diabetic RFR (900, 1800, 2100 MHz) (n = 21). Over a month, each group spent two hours/day in a Plexiglas carousel. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to RFR, but the sham groups were not. At the end of the experiment, the right tibia bones and skeletal muscle tissue were removed. The three-point bending test and radiological evaluations were performed on the bones, and CAT, GSH, MDA, and IMA in muscles were measured. There were differences in biomechanics properties and radiological evaluations between the groups (p < .05). In the measurements in the muscle tissues, significant differences were statistically found (p < .05). The average whole-body SAR values for GSM 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz were 0.026, 0.164, and 0.173 W/kg. RFRs emitted from mobile phone may cause adverse effects on tibia and skeletal muscle health, though further studies are needed. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Conclusion The results of this study show that mobile phone-derived RFRs (900, 1800 and 2100 MHz) may cause adverse effects on tibia bone and skeletal muscle health, according to bone biomechanics and morphological analysis evaluations and determined skeletal muscle oxidative stress parameters. It was observed that some of these adverse effects intensify with the increase in the frequency of the exposed RFR. In addition, these results suggest that the effects of mobile phone-derived RFRs on bone and muscle tissue should be investigated further through both molecular and histological analyses.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Compared with sham groups, rats exposed to mobile phone-like RFR (900/1800/2100 MHz) showed statistically significant differences in tibia biomechanical properties and radiological evaluations, and significant differences in skeletal muscle oxidative stress markers (p < .05). The authors conclude that mobile phone-derived RFR may adversely affect tibia and skeletal muscle health, with some effects increasing with higher frequency.

Outcomes measured

• Tibia bone biomechanics (three-point bending test)
• Radiological evaluations of tibia
• Skeletal muscle oxidative stress parameters (CAT, GSH, MDA, IMA)

Limitations

• Animal study (rat model), limiting direct generalization to humans
• Exposure described as 'mobile phone like' RFR; specific device/setup details not provided in the abstract
• Further molecular and histological analyses are suggested by the authors

Suggested hubs

• mobile-phones-rf (0.9)
  Exposure is mobile phone-derived radiofrequency radiation at 900/1800/2100 MHz with SAR reported.

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    "exposure": {
        "band": "RF",
        "source": "mobile phone",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "2 hours/day for 1 month"
    },
    "population": "Rats (200–250 g), including healthy and diabetic groups",
    "sample_size": 56,
    "outcomes": [
        "Tibia bone biomechanics (three-point bending test)",
        "Radiological evaluations of tibia",
        "Skeletal muscle oxidative stress parameters (CAT, GSH, MDA, IMA)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Compared with sham groups, rats exposed to mobile phone-like RFR (900/1800/2100 MHz) showed statistically significant differences in tibia biomechanical properties and radiological evaluations, and significant differences in skeletal muscle oxidative stress markers (p < .05). The authors conclude that mobile phone-derived RFR may adversely affect tibia and skeletal muscle health, with some effects increasing with higher frequency.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Animal study (rat model), limiting direct generalization to humans",
        "Exposure described as 'mobile phone like' RFR; specific device/setup details not provided in the abstract",
        "Further molecular and histological analyses are suggested by the authors"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "radiofrequency radiation",
        "mobile phone",
        "900 MHz",
        "1800 MHz",
        "2100 MHz",
        "SAR",
        "tibia",
        "bone biomechanics",
        "skeletal muscle",
        "oxidative stress",
        "diabetes",
        "rat"
    ],
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