2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress: Role of inflammatory cytokines in regulating male fertility through estrogen receptor alpha in Gallus gallus domesticus

Abstract

2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress: Role of inflammatory cytokines in regulating male fertility through estrogen receptor alpha in Gallus gallus domesticus Gupta V, Srivastava R. 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress: Role of inflammatory cytokines in regulating male fertility through estrogen receptor alpha in Gallus gallus domesticus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Sep 8;629:61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.009. Abstract Due to the growing number of gadgets emitting electromagnetic radiation (EMR), particularly microwave (MW) radiation, in our daily lives, it is believed that EMR have both long-term and short-term biological impacts that are quite concerning for avian as well as human health. Due to the negative impact of MW emitting equipment on the biological system this study looks into the mechanistic approach by which low-level of 2.45 GHz MW radiation causes an oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the testes micro-environment which further gets regulated by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression in immature Gallus gallus domesticus leading to male infertility. Two weeks old immature male chickens were exposed to non-thermal low-level 2.45-GHz MW radiation for 2 h/day for 30 days (power density = 0.1264 mw/cm2 and SAR = 0.9978 W/kg). In the exposed group, morphometric examination of the testes revealed decreased testicular weight, volume and gonado- somatic index. Further, histological staining demonstrated a substantial reduction in the diameter of seminiferous tubules in the exposed group as compared to the control. The degree of oxidative stress was also determined showing an increase in oxidative stress parameters after exposure. The radiation exposed testes showed a significant increase in IL-1β immunoreactivity and decline in IL-10 immunoreactivity, indicating a sense of MW radiation-induced oxidative stress-regulated inflammatory response. A substantial reduction in ERα expression was also observed in exposed testes by Western blotting. Our investigations conclude that testes being vulnerable to free radical damage become an easy target organ for MW exposure induced oxidative and inflammatory stress. Therefore it becomes evident that it may cause male infertility in chicks via downregulation of ER-α in testis. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Immature male chickens exposed to non-thermal low-level 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (2 h/day for 30 days; power density 0.1264 mW/cm2; SAR 0.9978 W/kg) showed decreased testicular weight/volume/gonado-somatic index and reduced seminiferous tubule diameter versus controls. Exposure was associated with increased oxidative stress parameters, increased IL-1β immunoreactivity, decreased IL-10 immunoreactivity, and reduced ERα expression in testes.

Outcomes measured

• Testicular weight, volume, and gonado-somatic index
• Seminiferous tubule diameter (histology)
• Oxidative stress parameters
• IL-1β immunoreactivity
• IL-10 immunoreactivity
• Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression (Western blot)
• Male fertility/infertility (inferred from testicular changes)

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in the abstract
• Animal model (immature chickens), limiting direct generalization to humans
• Specific oxidative stress markers/assays not detailed in the abstract
• Fertility outcomes are concluded mechanistically; direct fertility endpoints are not described in the abstract

Suggested hubs

• rf-microwave-animal-studies (0.9)
  Animal exposure study at 2.45 GHz assessing reproductive and oxidative/inflammatory outcomes.

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": 0.9978000000000000202504679691628552973270416259765625,
        "duration": "2 h/day for 30 days"
    },
    "population": "Two-week-old immature male chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Testicular weight, volume, and gonado-somatic index",
        "Seminiferous tubule diameter (histology)",
        "Oxidative stress parameters",
        "IL-1β immunoreactivity",
        "IL-10 immunoreactivity",
        "Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression (Western blot)",
        "Male fertility/infertility (inferred from testicular changes)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Immature male chickens exposed to non-thermal low-level 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (2 h/day for 30 days; power density 0.1264 mW/cm2; SAR 0.9978 W/kg) showed decreased testicular weight/volume/gonado-somatic index and reduced seminiferous tubule diameter versus controls. Exposure was associated with increased oxidative stress parameters, increased IL-1β immunoreactivity, decreased IL-10 immunoreactivity, and reduced ERα expression in testes.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in the abstract",
        "Animal model (immature chickens), limiting direct generalization to humans",
        "Specific oxidative stress markers/assays not detailed in the abstract",
        "Fertility outcomes are concluded mechanistically; direct fertility endpoints are not described in the abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "2.45 GHz",
        "microwave radiation",
        "non-thermal",
        "SAR",
        "power density",
        "oxidative stress",
        "testis",
        "male fertility",
        "inflammatory cytokines",
        "IL-1β",
        "IL-10",
        "estrogen receptor alpha",
        "Gallus gallus domesticus"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "rf-microwave-animal-studies",
            "weight": 0.90000000000000002220446049250313080847263336181640625,
            "reason": "Animal exposure study at 2.45 GHz assessing reproductive and oxidative/inflammatory outcomes."
        }
    ]
}

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