Structural features of hydroxyapatite and carbonated apatite formed under the influence of ultrasound and microwave radiation and their effect on the bioactivity of the nanomaterials.

Abstract

The samples of hydroxyapatite and carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite (CHA) were obtained under the influence of physical factors, namely ultrasound (US) and microwave (MW) radiations. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis have proved the formation of the calcium deficient hydroxyapatite and B-type CHA with the Ca/P ratio in the ranges 1.62-1.87. In vitro studies have showed the increased bioactivity of the samples, synthesized under the influence of physical factors as compared to the standard ones. The samples of both groups, synthesized under the influence of 600 W MW, have shown the greatest stability in biological environment. In vivo tests confirm that obtained under US and MW radiations hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials are biocompatible, non-toxic and exhibit osteoconductive properties. The usage of US and MW radiations can significantly shorten the time (up to 5-20 min) of obtaining of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite and B-type CHA in nanopowder form, close in structure and composition to the biological hydroxyapatite.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Hydroxyapatite and carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite synthesized under ultrasound and microwave radiation formed calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite and B-type CHA (Ca/P 1.62–1.87). In vitro, samples synthesized under these physical factors showed increased bioactivity versus standard samples, and those synthesized under 600 W microwave showed the greatest stability in a biological environment. In vivo tests reported the materials as biocompatible, non-toxic, and osteoconductive, and the use of ultrasound/microwave shortened synthesis time to 5–20 minutes.

Outcomes measured

• Hydroxyapatite/CHA structural features (FTIR, XRD)
• Ca/P ratio
• In vitro bioactivity
• Stability in biological environment
• In vivo biocompatibility
• Toxicity
• Osteoconductive properties
• Synthesis time reduction

Limitations

• No microwave frequency or exposure characterization beyond power (600 W) is provided in the abstract
• No sample sizes or details of in vitro/in vivo methods are provided in the abstract
• This is a materials synthesis/bioactivity study rather than a study of EMF exposure effects on humans or animals

{
    "study_type": "other",
    "exposure": {
        "band": null,
        "source": "microwave radiation",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "5-20 min (synthesis time mentioned)"
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Hydroxyapatite/CHA structural features (FTIR, XRD)",
        "Ca/P ratio",
        "In vitro bioactivity",
        "Stability in biological environment",
        "In vivo biocompatibility",
        "Toxicity",
        "Osteoconductive properties",
        "Synthesis time reduction"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Hydroxyapatite and carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite synthesized under ultrasound and microwave radiation formed calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite and B-type CHA (Ca/P 1.62–1.87). In vitro, samples synthesized under these physical factors showed increased bioactivity versus standard samples, and those synthesized under 600 W microwave showed the greatest stability in a biological environment. In vivo tests reported the materials as biocompatible, non-toxic, and osteoconductive, and the use of ultrasound/microwave shortened synthesis time to 5–20 minutes.",
    "effect_direction": "unclear",
    "limitations": [
        "No microwave frequency or exposure characterization beyond power (600 W) is provided in the abstract",
        "No sample sizes or details of in vitro/in vivo methods are provided in the abstract",
        "This is a materials synthesis/bioactivity study rather than a study of EMF exposure effects on humans or animals"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "hydroxyapatite",
        "carbonated apatite",
        "carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite",
        "ultrasound",
        "microwave radiation",
        "FTIR",
        "X-ray diffraction",
        "bioactivity",
        "biocompatibility",
        "osteoconductive",
        "nanomaterials"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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