Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves.

PAPER pubmed Bioelectromagnetics 1996 Animal study Effect: mixed Evidence: Low

Read original paper → DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:3<246::aid-bem11>3.0.co;2-o PMID: 8809365 Evidence Lab

Abstract

The effect of continuous (CW; 2.45 GHz carrier frequency) or amplitude-modulated (AM; 50 Hz square wave) microwave radiation on the immune response was tested. CW exposures (6 days, 3 h/day) induced elevations of the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of male Balb/c mice (+37%). AM microwave exposure induced elevation of the spleen index (+15%) and antibody-producing cell number (+55%) in the spleen of male mice. No changes were observed in female mice. It is concluded that both types of exposure conditions induced moderate elevation of antibody production only in male mice.

AI evidence extraction

At a glance

Study type

Animal study

Effect direction

mixed

Population

Male and female Balb/c mice

Sample size

—

Exposure

microwave · 2450 MHz · 6 days, 3 h/day

Evidence strength

Low

Confidence: 78% · Peer-reviewed: yes

Main findings

In male Balb/c mice, continuous-wave 2.45 GHz exposure (6 days, 3 h/day) increased the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by 37%. Amplitude-modulated exposure (50 Hz square-wave modulation) increased spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing spleen cells by 55%. No changes were observed in female mice.

Outcomes measured

immune response
number of antibody-producing cells in spleen
spleen index
antibody production

Limitations

Sample size not reported in abstract
Exposure intensity/SAR not reported in abstract
Only short-term (6-day) exposure duration described
Sex-specific effects (no changes in females)

View raw extracted JSON

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "6 days, 3 h/day"
    },
    "population": "Male and female Balb/c mice",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "immune response",
        "number of antibody-producing cells in spleen",
        "spleen index",
        "antibody production"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In male Balb/c mice, continuous-wave 2.45 GHz exposure (6 days, 3 h/day) increased the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by 37%. Amplitude-modulated exposure (50 Hz square-wave modulation) increased spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing spleen cells by 55%. No changes were observed in female mice.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in abstract",
        "Exposure intensity/SAR not reported in abstract",
        "Only short-term (6-day) exposure duration described",
        "Sex-specific effects (no changes in females)"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "2.45 GHz",
        "microwave",
        "amplitude modulation",
        "50 Hz",
        "continuous wave",
        "immune system",
        "antibody-producing cells",
        "spleen index",
        "Balb/c mice",
        "sex differences"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract/metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This content is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice.

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