Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor).

Abstract

The aim of this research was to assess genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in aquatic animals exposed to 50 Hz 1 m T electromagnetic field (EMF). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at early stages of development were exposed to EMF for 40 days, whereas marine benthic invertebrates - the common ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the Baltic clam Limecola balthica - for 12 days. To define genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in selected animals, assays of nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood erythrocytes of O. mykiss, coelomocytes of H. diversicolor and gill cells of L. balthica were performed. Induction of formation of micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), nuclear buds on filament cells (NBf) and cells with blebbed nuclei (BL) were assessed as genotoxicity endpoints, and 8-shaped nuclei, fragmented (Fr), apoptotic (Ap) and binucleated (BN) cells as cytotoxicity endpoints. Exposure to EMF affected all studied species but with varying degrees. The strongest responses to EMF treatment were elicited in L. balthica, in which six out of the total eight analyzed geno- and cytotoxicity endpoints were significantly elevated. Significantly induced frequencies of MN were detected in O. mykiss and H. diversicolor cells, NBf and BL only in gill cells of L. balthica, and NB in analyzed tissues of all the test species. As cytotoxicity endpoints, a significant elevation in frequencies of cells with 8-shaped nuclei was found in O. mykiss and L. balthica, while Ap and BN was observed only in L. balthica. EMF exposure did not induce any significant cytotoxic activity in H. diversicolor coelomocytes. The present study is the first to reveal the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of 1 m T EMF in aquatic animals, and, consequently, the first one to report the adverse effect of this factor on common marine invertebrates and early life stages of fish.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Exposure to a 50 Hz, 1 mT electromagnetic field significantly increased multiple genotoxic and cytotoxic endpoints across the studied species, with the strongest responses in Baltic clam gill cells (6 of 8 endpoints significantly elevated). Micronuclei were significantly induced in rainbow trout and ragworm cells; nuclear buds were significantly induced in all species; several additional endpoints (NBf, BL, Ap, BN) were significantly elevated only in Baltic clam, while no significant cytotoxic activity was detected in ragworm coelomocytes.

Outcomes measured

• Genotoxicity endpoints: micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), nuclear buds on filament cells (NBf), blebbed nuclei (BL)
• Cytotoxicity endpoints: 8-shaped nuclei, fragmented cells (Fr), apoptotic cells (Ap), binucleated cells (BN)

Suggested hubs

• elf-emf (0.9)
  Animal study of 50 Hz (ELF) magnetic field exposure at 1 mT with genotoxic/cytotoxic endpoints.

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    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "40 days (rainbow trout); 12 days (ragworm, Baltic clam)"
    },
    "population": "Larval/early developmental stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); marine benthic invertebrates: Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Genotoxicity endpoints: micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), nuclear buds on filament cells (NBf), blebbed nuclei (BL)",
        "Cytotoxicity endpoints: 8-shaped nuclei, fragmented cells (Fr), apoptotic cells (Ap), binucleated cells (BN)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Exposure to a 50 Hz, 1 mT electromagnetic field significantly increased multiple genotoxic and cytotoxic endpoints across the studied species, with the strongest responses in Baltic clam gill cells (6 of 8 endpoints significantly elevated). Micronuclei were significantly induced in rainbow trout and ragworm cells; nuclear buds were significantly induced in all species; several additional endpoints (NBf, BL, Ap, BN) were significantly elevated only in Baltic clam, while no significant cytotoxic activity was detected in ragworm coelomocytes.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "50 Hz",
        "1 mT",
        "ELF-EMF",
        "genotoxicity",
        "cytotoxicity",
        "micronuclei",
        "nuclear abnormalities",
        "Oncorhynchus mykiss",
        "Limecola balthica",
        "Hediste diversicolor",
        "aquatic animals"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "elf-emf",
            "weight": 0.90000000000000002220446049250313080847263336181640625,
            "reason": "Animal study of 50 Hz (ELF) magnetic field exposure at 1 mT with genotoxic/cytotoxic endpoints."
        }
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}

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