Effects of long-term pre- and post-natal exposure to 2.45 GHz wireless devices on developing male rat kidney.

Abstract

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate oxidative stress and apoptosis in kidney tissues of male Wistar rats that pre- and postnatally exposed to wireless electromagnetic field (EMF) with an internet frequency of 2.45 GHz for a long time. METHODS: The study was conducted in three groups of rats which were pre-natal, post-natal. and sham exposed groups. Oxidative stress markers and histological evaluation of kidney tissues were studied. RESULTS: Renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant (TOS) levels of pre-natal group were high and total antioxidant (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were low. Spot urine NAG/creatinine ratio was significantly higher in pre- and post-natal groups (p < 0.001). Tubular injury was detected in most of the specimens in post-natal groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low-intensity staining with Bax in cortex, high-intensity staining with Bcl-2 in cortical and medullar areas of pre-natal group (p values, 0.000, 0.002, 0.000, respectively) when compared with sham group. Bcl2/Bax staining intensity ratios of medullar and cortical area was higher in pre-natal group than sham group (p = 0.018, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Based on this study, it is thought that chronic pre- and post-natal period exposure to wireless internet frequency of EMF may cause chronic kidney damages; staying away from EMF source in especially pregnancy and early childhood period may reduce negative effects of exposure on kidney.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Compared with sham, the pre-natal exposure group had higher renal tissue MDA and TOS and lower TAS and SOD. Spot urine NAG/creatinine ratio was significantly higher in both pre- and post-natal exposure groups (p<0.001), and tubular injury was detected in most specimens in the post-natal group. Immunohistochemistry showed altered Bax and Bcl-2 staining and higher Bcl2/Bax ratios in the pre-natal group versus sham.

Outcomes measured

• Kidney oxidative stress markers (MDA, TOS, TAS, SOD)
• Urine NAG/creatinine ratio
• Histological kidney injury (tubular injury)
• Apoptosis-related immunohistochemistry (Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl2/Bax ratio)

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in abstract
• Exposure metrics beyond frequency (e.g., SAR, field strength) not reported in abstract
• Details of exposure duration/timing and randomization/blinding not reported in abstract

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "RF",
        "source": "wireless devices",
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "long time; chronic pre- and post-natal exposure"
    },
    "population": "Male Wistar rats (kidney tissue; pre- and post-natal exposure)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Kidney oxidative stress markers (MDA, TOS, TAS, SOD)",
        "Urine NAG/creatinine ratio",
        "Histological kidney injury (tubular injury)",
        "Apoptosis-related immunohistochemistry (Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl2/Bax ratio)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Compared with sham, the pre-natal exposure group had higher renal tissue MDA and TOS and lower TAS and SOD. Spot urine NAG/creatinine ratio was significantly higher in both pre- and post-natal exposure groups (p<0.001), and tubular injury was detected in most specimens in the post-natal group. Immunohistochemistry showed altered Bax and Bcl-2 staining and higher Bcl2/Bax ratios in the pre-natal group versus sham.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in abstract",
        "Exposure metrics beyond frequency (e.g., SAR, field strength) not reported in abstract",
        "Details of exposure duration/timing and randomization/blinding not reported in abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "2.45 GHz",
        "Wi-Fi",
        "wireless EMF",
        "prenatal exposure",
        "postnatal exposure",
        "rat",
        "kidney",
        "oxidative stress",
        "MDA",
        "TOS",
        "TAS",
        "SOD",
        "NAG/creatinine",
        "tubular injury",
        "apoptosis",
        "Bax",
        "Bcl-2"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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