A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo radio frequency exposure methods

Abstract

A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo radio frequency exposure methods Hansen JW, Swartz EM, Cleveland JD, Asif SM, Brooks B, Braaten BD, Ewert D. A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo radio frequency exposure methods. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2019 Apr 18. doi: 10.1109/RBME.2019.2912023. Abstract The interests in the effects of radio frequency (RF) on biological systems has increased. This interest has increased partially due to the advancements and increase implementations of RF into technology. As research in the area has progressed, the reliability and reproducibility of those experiments has not crossed multidisciplinary boundaries. Therefore, as researchers, it is imperative to understand the various exposure systems available as well as the aspects, both electromagnetic and biological, needed to produce a sound exposure experiment. This systematic review examines common radio frequency exposure methods for both in vitro and in vivo studies. For in vitro studies, discussion of possible biological limitations to consider were also emphasized. The validity of the examined methods, for both in vitro and in vivo, were analyzed by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each. This review offers guidance for researchers to assist in the development of an RF exposure experiment that crosses current multidisciplinary boundaries. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Conclusion In a field that continues to struggle with reproducible results, the use of detailed, rigorous, reproducible, and transparent methodologies are critical moving forward. This detail needs to be thoroughly recorded for both the electromagnetic and the biological components of these exposure studies in order for the results to be reliable. Biological conditions and controls need to be considered as well in order to produce a reliable and reproducible experiment. Consideration of both the electromagnetic and biological components of the study should be detailed within these methodologies in order to provide reproducibility to the field. In addition, the realization that researchers are investigating a complex adaptive system is important in determining the impact of comparisons made between study and methods due to the difficulty in determining if the result is due to test exposure or because of the nature of the system. This review provides a systematic overview of common exposure methods in both in vitro and in vivo exposures, as well as providing advantages and disadvantages of each method. The goal of this being that researchers have a better understanding of methods they decide to use, and conclusions made given the results of studies which share similar scopes.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

This systematic review summarizes common RF exposure methods used in in vitro and in vivo studies and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each. It emphasizes the need for detailed, rigorous, transparent reporting of both electromagnetic and biological components to improve reliability and reproducibility across studies.

Outcomes measured

• RF exposure methods for in vitro studies
• RF exposure methods for in vivo studies
• Method validity (advantages/disadvantages)
• Reliability/reproducibility and methodological reporting considerations

{
    "study_type": "systematic_review",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "RF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "RF exposure methods for in vitro studies",
        "RF exposure methods for in vivo studies",
        "Method validity (advantages/disadvantages)",
        "Reliability/reproducibility and methodological reporting considerations"
    ],
    "main_findings": "This systematic review summarizes common RF exposure methods used in in vitro and in vivo studies and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each. It emphasizes the need for detailed, rigorous, transparent reporting of both electromagnetic and biological components to improve reliability and reproducibility across studies.",
    "effect_direction": "unclear",
    "limitations": [],
    "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "radio frequency",
        "RF exposure",
        "in vitro",
        "in vivo",
        "exposure methods",
        "methodology",
        "reproducibility",
        "systematic review"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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