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This in vitro study examined ELF-EMF effects in normal cybrids and NARP cybrids carrying a pathogenic MT-ATP6 mtDNA mutation mixture. ELF-EMF did not alter mtDNA copy number or the wild-type-to-mutant mtDNA ratio, but it increased mtDNA transcription and multiple markers of mitochondrial function in NARP cybrids,…

This in vitro study exposed two human breast cancer cell lines to a 50 Hz ELF-EMF (20 mT) for 3 hours/day for up to four days. The authors report reduced viability and apoptosis-related findings in MDA-MB-231 cells, with no significant viability change in MCF-7 cells. Cell-cycle effects differed by cell line,…

This in vitro study exposed human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem progenitor cells to an alternating EMF generated by the IteraCoil device at 0.05 and 1 kHz. The authors report that EMF exposure was associated with osteoblastic differentiation in the absence of exogenous pro-osteogenic supplements, assessed by…

This in vitro study evaluated short-term extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), alone and combined, for antibacterial effects and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The authors report time-dependent reductions in bacterial viable counts, with…

This in vitro study examined whether low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) exposure affects viability of human oral mucosa keratinocytes. Apoptosis (early/late) and necrosis were measured by flow cytometry, including conditions with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or minocycline. The authors report that LF-EMF, alone…

This in vitro study developed carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)-grafted polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. It reports mineralization and osteonectin expression in adipose mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the scaffolds, suggesting osteoinductive properties of the grafted CMC. The…

This in vitro study evaluated whether high-frequency electromagnetic fields at 900 and 1800 MHz affect bacterial DNA, growth, and antibiotic susceptibility after 2 hours of exposure. The authors report no detectable DNA differences between exposed and non-exposed bacteria for the species described. Growth and…

This in vitro study exposed cancer (U87-MG; 143B) and noncancerous (BJ; HEK) cells to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields under varying frequencies (2–60 Hz), waveforms, and exposure durations, with sham controls. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay. The authors report that cancer and…

This in vitro study used a scratch wound model in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) to examine effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF). ELF-EMF exposure was reported to accelerate wound closure compared with sham and to increase inflammatory cytokine expression/release. The authors…

This study investigated 2 nm protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters in six mammalian cell types under 1 GHz electromagnetic field exposure. The authors report low intrinsic toxicity of the nanoclusters, but a significant decrease in cell viability when nanocluster-incubated cells were exposed to the 1 GHz field,…

This in vitro study evaluated microwave disinfection of dental stone casts contaminated with Bacillus subtilis under wet and dry conditions. After a drying step for the dry group (450 W for 15 minutes), both wet and dry casts were exposed to 900 W for 5 minutes and cultured to quantify CFU/mL. The authors report…

This in vitro study compared microwave irradiation with chemical (2% glutaraldehyde, Corega tablets) and mechanical (brushing) methods for disinfecting complete dentures contaminated with two microorganisms. Microwave irradiation (650 W for 3 minutes) and both chemical methods showed no detectable bacterial growth at…

This in vitro study tested 900-W microwave radiation regimens (3, 5, or 7 minutes) to disinfect type IV dental stone surfaces contaminated with S. aureus, E. coli, or C. albicans. The authors report that 5 and 7 minutes achieved sterilization for S. aureus, while 3 minutes did not fully sterilize; all times were…

This in vitro study examined whether astrocyte alignment induced by an applied electric field influences neurite outgrowth. Astrocytes were pre-aligned using a physiological-strength electric field (500 mV mm(-1)), and dorsal root ganglia cells were then seeded onto them. Neurite outgrowth at 24 and 48 hours was…