Neurotoxic effects of 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF exposure on cultured DRG neurons: a mechanistic insight into oxidative and apoptotic pathways
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2026
This in vitro study examined strictly non-thermal, GSM-like 3.5 GHz RF-EMF exposure in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons for 1–24 hours. The authors report time-dependent reductions in cell viability alongside increased ROS and changes consistent with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis (e.g., Bax/caspase-3 up,…
Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure (50 Hz, 200 µT) on Cell Viability, DNA Damage and Micronucleus Formation of Human Skin Cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2026
This in vitro study tested whether 50 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 200 µT (rms) affect human skin cells (HaCaT). Using blinded, simultaneous exposure and sham-exposure for 2 or 24 hours, the authors assessed cell viability, DNA integrity, and micronucleus formation. The abstract reports no…
Assessing cell viability and genotoxicity in Trigonella foenum-graecum L. exposed to 2100 MHz and 2300 MHz electromagnetic field radiations.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This experimental study assessed cytotoxic and genotoxic endpoints in Trigonella foenum-graecum L. exposed to 2100 MHz and 2300 MHz EMF-r for 0.5–8 h/day. The authors report reduced root/shoot growth at longer daily exposures, increased chromosomal aberrations compared with controls, and reduced cell viability.…
Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity of Docetaxel by Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This in vitro study tested whether extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (50 Hz, 20 mT) enhance docetaxel effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The authors report that combining ELF-EMF with docetaxel produced a similar reduction in cell viability at a lower docetaxel concentration than docetaxel alone,…
The In Vitro Enhancement of Retinal Cell Viability via mA and mC RNA Methylation-Mediated Changes in the Levels of Heme Oxygenase (HO-1) and DNA Damage Repair Molecules Using a 50 Hz Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Field (EMF).
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This in vitro study tested a 50 Hz, 1.3 mT sinusoidal electromagnetic field applied for 15 or 30 minutes to ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cells and RGC-5 retinal ganglion cells. The authors report improved proliferative and migratory capacity after EMF exposure, alongside increased HO-1 and altered RNA…
Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on glioblastoma cells (U -118 MG).
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study exposed glioblastoma (U-118 MG) and human embryonic kidney (Hek-293) cells to 2.4 GHz RF-EMF for 24–72 hours, with or without a dielectric screen. The authors report a significant decrease in cell viability after exposure in both cell lines. The decrease was described as greater in glioblastoma…
Assessing the effect of selenium on cyclin D1 level and nuclear factor kappa b activity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells at 2100 MHz electromagnetic field exposure.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study examined NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells exposed to 2100 MHz EMF and evaluated cell viability, cyclin D1, and NF-κB activity, with and without 200 nM selenium. The abstract reports reduced cell viability and increased cyclin D1 and NF-κB activity after EMF exposure. Selenium supplementation was reported…
Synergistic cytotoxic effects of an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field with doxorubicin on MCF-7 cell line.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study tested whether a 50 Hz, 20 mT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) enhances the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The authors report that combining ELF-EMF with low-dose DOX reduced cell viability at lower DOX concentrations than DOX…
Static and Electromagnetic Fields Differently Affect Proliferation and Cell Death Through Acid Enhancement of ROS Generation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro study examined how a 20 mT static magnetic field and a 20 mT 50 Hz electromagnetic field affect mesenchymal stem cells under conditions involving ROS and acidic pH. The authors report increased ROS and antioxidant-response markers (Nrf2, SOD2, GST) across SMF, EMF, and combined exposures, with…
EVALUATION OF BCL2 AND ITS REGULATORY MIRS, MIR-15-B AND MIR-16 EXPRESSION CHANGES UNDER THE EXPOSURE OF EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINE.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study examined whether extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) at 0.2 or 2 mT (continuous or 1.5 h on/1.5 h off) for 18 hours alter viability and gene/miRNA expression in AGS gastric cancer cells. The authors report a significant reduction in cell viability at 2 mT continuous exposure.…
Up-regulation of miR-144 and miR-375 in the human gastric cancer cell line following the exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study exposed AGS human gastric cancer cells to 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 0.2 or 2 mT for 18 hours (continuous or intermittent). The authors report reduced cell viability versus control and up-regulation of miR-144 and miR-375 during exposure. They also report miR levels decreased 18 and 36 hours…
Effects of pulse-modulated radiofrequency magnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and electron chain transport function in human neuroblastoma and murine microglial cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2020
This in vitro study exposed murine microglial (N9) and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells to ELF-modulated 935 MHz RF-EMF at 4 W/kg for 2 or 24 hours. The authors report no changes in apoptosis, cell viability, or AIF across conditions. They report increased ATG5 after 24 hours and a transient glutathione increase…
Extremely low frequency variable electromagnetic fields affect cancer and noncancerous cells in vitro differently: Preliminary study.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2018
This in vitro study exposed cancer (U87-MG; 143B) and noncancerous (BJ; HEK) cells to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields under varying frequencies (2–60 Hz), waveforms, and exposure durations, with sham controls. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay. The authors report that cancer and…
Effects of radiofrequency exposure emitted from a GSM mobile phone on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of neural stem cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This in vitro study evaluated adult murine neural stem cells exposed to GSM 900-MHz radiofrequency emissions from a mobile phone across different exposure durations. The authors report significant decreases in neurosphere number/size and neuronal differentiation with increasing exposure duration. They report no…
Precision knockdown of EGFR gene expression using radio frequency electromagnetic energy.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This study reports a technology that records a specific radiofrequency electromagnetic energy signal associated with EGFR siRNA and applies it to cells. The abstract describes reductions in EGFR mRNA and protein expression versus controls, with specificity assessed using RNA microarray and antibody dot blot array. It…
Gold Nanocluster-Mediated Cellular Death under Electromagnetic Radiation.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This study investigated 2 nm protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters in six mammalian cell types under 1 GHz electromagnetic field exposure. The authors report low intrinsic toxicity of the nanoclusters, but a significant decrease in cell viability when nanocluster-incubated cells were exposed to the 1 GHz field,…
Influences of electric field on living cells in a charged water-in-oil droplet under electrophoretic actuation.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2011
This experimental study examined whether strong electric fields used for electrophoretic actuation of charged water-in-oil droplets affect living cells inside the droplets. Using Trypan blue and cell growth tests across electric field strengths of 1–3 kV/cm and varying actuation times, the authors report no…
Aerodynamically assisted bio-jets: the development of a novel and direct non-electric field-driven methodology for engineering living organisms.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2007
This paper describes an aerodynamically assisted bio-jetting technique that processes living cells/organisms using differential pressure rather than an electric field. The authors report an operational window for stable jetting and near-monodispersed cell-bearing droplets. Cell viability after jetting was evaluated…