This rat study examined 2.45 GHz WLAN-like EMF exposure (3 V/m; SAR 0.00208 W/kg) for 1 hour/day over 60 days and assessed testicular morphology and VEGF-related markers. The abstract reports increased VEGFA gene expression and protein levels in exposed animals, with no change in HIF1A expression. It also reports multiple histological changes interpreted as testicular damage in the exposed group.

This magazine article reviews the Japan-Korea "NTP Lite" RF animal toxicity collaboration and its relationship to prior NTP (2018) and Ramazzini Institute reports of RF-associated tumors in male rats. It notes NTP Lite used a single whole-body SAR of 4 W/kg and completed a two-year exposure phase in 2022, but final reporting is delayed with histopathology and genotoxicity work ongoing. The author highlights protocol harmonization across labs while raising concerns about unexplained animal deaths and physiological differences in exposed groups, and frames the broader evidence as supportive of RF-related cancer risk in laboratory animals.

This review summarizes studies reporting radiofrequency radiation (RFR)-associated changes in gene expression across biological systems. Reported affected genes relate to cellular stress responses, oxidative processes, apoptosis, DNA damage detection/repair, protein repair, and neural function regulation. The authors highlight reported gene expression effects at or below 0.4 W/kg SAR and argue this challenges current guideline assumptions, while noting that not all studies find significant effects.

This conference paper uses COMSOL Multiphysics simulations to evaluate thermal and SAR-based exposure limits for modeled human skin exposed to terahertz radiation (0.1–5 THz). The authors report negligible temperature increases at power densities consistent with keeping SAR below 1.6 W/kg, but note that higher power densities can yield minimal heating while producing SAR values above recognized safety thresholds. They conclude that existing sub-THz standards are not directly transferable to the full THz band and call for updated guidelines, especially for prolonged exposure.

This animal and in vitro study examined non-thermal 900 MHz RF-EMF exposure during prenatal and postnatal development at 0.08 and 0.4 W/kg SAR. The authors report changes consistent with altered neurodevelopment, including reduced BDNF, reduced in vivo cell proliferation, and disrupted synaptic balance in rat pup brain regions. In vitro, exposed neural stem cells showed increased apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks and shifts in cell populations toward glial lineages. The authors conclude that regulatory-level 900 MHz exposure can disrupt key neurodevelopmental processes in rodents.

This animal experiment exposed adult male rats to 6 GHz RF-EMR (0.065 W/kg) for 4 hours/day over 42 days and compared them with sham controls. The exposed group showed higher comet assay genotoxicity metrics, though not statistically significant, and more prominent liver histopathological changes (e.g., portal inflammation and congestion). The authors conclude that 6 GHz exposure can cause histopathological and DNA-level changes in rat liver tissue under the studied conditions.

This animal study measured core body temperature in free-moving male and female Sprague Dawley rats during and after 3-hour exposure to 1.95 GHz RF-EMF at multiple whole-body average SAR levels. A measurable thermal response was reported at 4 W/kg, while lower SAR conditions showed smaller or no significant temperature increases. The authors note that temperature dropped quickly after exposure ended, implying post-exposure measurements may underestimate peak heating.

This animal study reports that dual-frequency RF EMR exposure (0.8/2.65 GHz, 4 W/kg) induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. It also reports reduced CB1R and endocannabinoid levels in the mPFC and altered endocannabinoid system markers in the BLA. CB1R overexpression or knockdown in the mPFC reportedly decreased or increased anxiety-like behavior, respectively, suggesting a mechanistic link in this model.