2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative and nitrosative stress mediated testicular apoptosis: Involvement of a p53 dependent bax-caspase-3 mediated pathway.

Abstract

Deleterious effects of MW radiation on the male reproduction are well studied. Previous reports although suggest that 2.45 GHz MW irradiation induced oxidative and nitrosative stress adversely affects the male reproductive function but the detailed molecular mechanism occurring behind it has yet to be elucidated. The aim of present study was to investigate the underlying detailed pathway of the testicular apoptosis induced by free radical load and redox imbalance due to 2.45 GHz MW radiation exposure and the degree of severity along with the increased exposure duration. Twelve-week old male mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz MW radiation [continuous-wave (CW) with overall average Power density of 0.0248 mW/cm and overall average whole body SAR value of 0.0146 W/kg] for 2 hr/day over a period of 15, 30, and 60 days. Testicular histology, serum testosterone, ROS, NO, MDA level, activity of antioxidant enzymes, expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (p53 and Bax), anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-x ), cytochrome-c, inactive/active caspase-3, and uncleaved PARP-1 were evaluated. Findings suggest that 2.45 GHz MW radiation exposure induced testicular redox imbalance not only leads to enhanced testicular apoptosis via p53 dependent Bax-caspase-3 mediated pathway, but also increases the degree of apoptotic severity in a duration dependent manner.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Male mice exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave microwave radiation (average power density 0.0248 mW/cm; whole-body SAR 0.0146 W/kg) for 2 hr/day over 15, 30, or 60 days showed testicular redox imbalance with increased oxidative/nitrosative stress markers and changes in apoptotic pathway proteins. The study reports increased testicular apoptosis via a p53-dependent Bax–caspase-3 pathway, with greater apoptotic severity at longer exposure durations.

Outcomes measured

• Testicular histology
• Serum testosterone
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• Nitric oxide (NO)
• Malondialdehyde (MDA)
• Antioxidant enzyme activity
• Expression of p53
• Expression of Bax
• Expression of Bcl-2
• Expression of Bcl-x
• Cytochrome-c
• Inactive/active caspase-3
• Uncleaved PARP-1
• Testicular apoptosis
• Oxidative stress
• Nitrosative stress

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in the abstract
• Exposure source/setup details beyond frequency, power density, and SAR are not described in the abstract
• Findings are from an animal model (mice), limiting direct generalization to humans

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": 0.01460000000000000013045120539345589349977672100067138671875,
        "duration": "2 hr/day for 15, 30, and 60 days"
    },
    "population": "Twelve-week old male mice",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Testicular histology",
        "Serum testosterone",
        "Reactive oxygen species (ROS)",
        "Nitric oxide (NO)",
        "Malondialdehyde (MDA)",
        "Antioxidant enzyme activity",
        "Expression of p53",
        "Expression of Bax",
        "Expression of Bcl-2",
        "Expression of Bcl-x",
        "Cytochrome-c",
        "Inactive/active caspase-3",
        "Uncleaved PARP-1",
        "Testicular apoptosis",
        "Oxidative stress",
        "Nitrosative stress"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Male mice exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave microwave radiation (average power density 0.0248 mW/cm; whole-body SAR 0.0146 W/kg) for 2 hr/day over 15, 30, or 60 days showed testicular redox imbalance with increased oxidative/nitrosative stress markers and changes in apoptotic pathway proteins. The study reports increased testicular apoptosis via a p53-dependent Bax–caspase-3 pathway, with greater apoptotic severity at longer exposure durations.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in the abstract",
        "Exposure source/setup details beyond frequency, power density, and SAR are not described in the abstract",
        "Findings are from an animal model (mice), limiting direct generalization to humans"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "2.45 GHz",
        "microwave radiation",
        "continuous-wave",
        "SAR",
        "power density",
        "mice",
        "testis",
        "apoptosis",
        "oxidative stress",
        "nitrosative stress",
        "p53",
        "Bax",
        "caspase-3",
        "Bcl-2",
        "cytochrome-c",
        "PARP-1",
        "testosterone"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

Comments

Log in to comment.

No comments yet.