Humoral and cell-mediated immune function in adult Japanese Quail following exposure to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation during embryogeny.

Abstract

Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, eggs were subjected to 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4.03 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. Following hatching the exposed embryos, as well as nonexposed controls, were reared to 22 weeks of age. Humoral immune potential, as indicated by comparable anti-CRBC antibody, IgM and IgG, levels at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization in both exposed and control quail was not affected significantly. However, cell-mediated immune potential, measured by the reaction to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P in the wing web, was reduced in the exposed females, but not in the exposed males. Additionally, total leukocyte numbers and absolute circulating numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were increased significantly only in the exposed females. These data show that exposure of Japanese quail during embryogenesis reduced cell mediated immune potential and induced a general leukocytosis in females.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Humoral immune measures (anti-CRBC antibody, IgM, IgG at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization) were not significantly different between exposed and control quail. Cell-mediated immune response to phytohemagglutinin-P was reduced in exposed females but not exposed males. Total leukocytes and absolute circulating lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were significantly increased only in exposed females.

Outcomes measured

• Humoral immune response (anti-CRBC antibody, IgM, IgG)
• Cell-mediated immune response (phytohemagglutinin-P wing web reaction)
• Total leukocyte count
• Circulating lymphocytes
• Circulating monocytes
• Circulating heterophils

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in the abstract
• Exposure conditions beyond frequency, power density, SAR, and timing are not described in the abstract
• Sex-specific effects reported; generalizability across sexes is limited

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": 0.004029999999999999728272914722992936731316149234771728515625,
        "duration": "first 12 days of embryogeny"
    },
    "population": "Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed during embryogenesis and assessed as adults (22 weeks)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Humoral immune response (anti-CRBC antibody, IgM, IgG)",
        "Cell-mediated immune response (phytohemagglutinin-P wing web reaction)",
        "Total leukocyte count",
        "Circulating lymphocytes",
        "Circulating monocytes",
        "Circulating heterophils"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Humoral immune measures (anti-CRBC antibody, IgM, IgG at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization) were not significantly different between exposed and control quail. Cell-mediated immune response to phytohemagglutinin-P was reduced in exposed females but not exposed males. Total leukocytes and absolute circulating lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were significantly increased only in exposed females.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in the abstract",
        "Exposure conditions beyond frequency, power density, SAR, and timing are not described in the abstract",
        "Sex-specific effects reported; generalizability across sexes is limited"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "Japanese quail",
        "embryogenesis",
        "2.45 GHz",
        "microwave radiation",
        "CW",
        "SAR",
        "immune function",
        "humoral immunity",
        "cell-mediated immunity",
        "phytohemagglutinin",
        "leukocytosis",
        "sex differences"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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