Impact of ketamine administration on chronic unpredictable stress-induced rat model of depression during extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure: Behavioral, histological and molecular study.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: In the study, we examined the effects of ketamine and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on depression-like behavior, learning and memory, expression of GFAP, caspase-3, p53, BDNF, and NMDA receptor in animals subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). METHODS: After applying 21 days of chronic unpredictable stress, male rats received intraperitoneal (IP) of ketamine (5 mg/kg) and then were exposed to ELF-EMF (10-Hz, 10-mT exposure conditions) for 3 days (3 h per day) and behavioral assessments were performed 24 h after the treatments. Instantly after the last behavioral test, the brain was extracted for Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR analyses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to assess the effect of ketamine and ELF-EMF on the expression of astrocyte marker (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Also, real-time PCR analyses were used to investigate the impacts of the combination of ketamine and ELF-EMF on the expression of caspase3, p53, BDNF, and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus in rats submitted to the CUS procedure. Results were considered statistically significant when p < .05. RESULTS: Our results revealed that the combination of ketamine and ELF-EMF increased depression-like behavior, increased degenerated neurons and decreased the number of GFAP (+) cells in the CA1 area and mPFC, incremented the expression of caspase-3, and reduced the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus but showed no effect on the expression of p53 and NMDA-R. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that combining ketamine and ELF-EMF has adverse effects on animals under chronic unpredictable stress (CUS).

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

In CUS-exposed male rats, the combination of ketamine (5 mg/kg IP) and ELF-EMF exposure (10 Hz, 10 mT; 3 h/day for 3 days) increased depression-like behavior, increased degenerated neurons, decreased GFAP(+) cells in CA1 and mPFC, increased caspase-3 expression, and decreased BDNF expression in the hippocampus. No effects were observed on p53 or NMDA receptor expression.

Outcomes measured

• Depression-like behavior
• Learning and memory (behavioral assessments)
• Neuronal degeneration (Nissl staining)
• GFAP(+) astrocyte marker expression in CA1 hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (IHC)
• Hippocampal gene expression of caspase-3, p53, BDNF, NMDA receptor (real-time PCR)

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in abstract
• Study evaluates combined ketamine + ELF-EMF effects; effects of ELF-EMF alone are not described in the abstract
• Details of learning/memory results are not provided in the abstract
• Exposure source/setup not specified in abstract

Suggested hubs

• elr-elf-emf (0.86)
  Animal study with extremely low-frequency EMF exposure (10 Hz, 10 mT) and neurobehavioral/molecular outcomes.

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "3 days (3 h/day) after 21 days CUS; exposure conditions 10 Hz, 10 mT"
    },
    "population": "Male rats subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Depression-like behavior",
        "Learning and memory (behavioral assessments)",
        "Neuronal degeneration (Nissl staining)",
        "GFAP(+) astrocyte marker expression in CA1 hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (IHC)",
        "Hippocampal gene expression of caspase-3, p53, BDNF, NMDA receptor (real-time PCR)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In CUS-exposed male rats, the combination of ketamine (5 mg/kg IP) and ELF-EMF exposure (10 Hz, 10 mT; 3 h/day for 3 days) increased depression-like behavior, increased degenerated neurons, decreased GFAP(+) cells in CA1 and mPFC, increased caspase-3 expression, and decreased BDNF expression in the hippocampus. No effects were observed on p53 or NMDA receptor expression.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in abstract",
        "Study evaluates combined ketamine + ELF-EMF effects; effects of ELF-EMF alone are not described in the abstract",
        "Details of learning/memory results are not provided in the abstract",
        "Exposure source/setup not specified in abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field",
        "ELF-EMF",
        "10 Hz",
        "10 mT",
        "chronic unpredictable stress",
        "CUS",
        "rat model",
        "depression-like behavior",
        "ketamine",
        "GFAP",
        "caspase-3",
        "p53",
        "BDNF",
        "NMDA receptor",
        "hippocampus",
        "medial prefrontal cortex"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "elr-elf-emf",
            "weight": 0.85999999999999998667732370449812151491641998291015625,
            "reason": "Animal study with extremely low-frequency EMF exposure (10 Hz, 10 mT) and neurobehavioral/molecular outcomes."
        }
    ]
}

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