This case-control genetic association study in men from West Bengal, India examined variants in meiotic regulator genes (SPO11, RNF212, SYCP3) alongside reported exposure to electronic (electromagnetic) radiation as risk factors for azoospermia. It reports that genetic variants were associated with increased azoospermia risk, and that risk was higher among men aged 30+ who were also exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The authors conclude that EMF exposure may exacerbate fertility impairment in genetically predisposed men.

This paper describes planned experimental measurements of electric and magnetic fields generated by electric vehicles during charging and driving. The abstract emphasizes that occupants can experience notable EMF exposure due to proximity to vehicle electrical systems, while stating that specific health risks in the EV context remain uncertain. It also notes that manufacturers implement technological design solutions intended to reduce exposure.

This standards-focused paper evaluates ICNIRP and IEEE (C95.1-2019) exposure limits for brief, high-intensity pulsed RF-EMF between 6 and 300 GHz, particularly when exposures vary within the 6-minute averaging window. Using numerical and analytical modeling with a one-dimensional thermal tissue model, it reports differences in protection against transient skin heating, with IEEE described as more conservative than ICNIRP. The authors propose an adjustment to pulse fluence limits to improve consistency of protection and note that nonthermal and thermoacoustic effects were not analyzed.

This animal study exposed mice to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields daily for up to 5 months and assessed liver effects using serum tests, lipidomics, histology, and single-cell/spatiotemporal transcriptomics. The authors report that hepatic cell types differed in sensitivity, with hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and monocytes showing notable transcriptomic disruptions. Reported changes involved lipid metabolism and immune regulation and were spatially enriched in peri-portal liver regions. The authors frame the findings as evidence of significant biological impacts on the liver from long-term EMF exposure.

This in vitro study exposed yeast suspensions to 2.45 GHz near-field microwave radiation at 2 cm and 4 cm for 20 or 60 minutes. It reports oxidative-stress-related changes (reduced antioxidant activity with increased membrane permeability) after 20 minutes at 2 cm, an effect not reproduced by conventional heating. The study also reports a trend toward increased DNA damage under both exposure conditions and mild membrane permeability changes after 60 minutes at 4 cm.

This ex-vivo experimental study tested whether electromagnetic fields from a commercial hair dryer affect microleakage of class V dental amalgam restorations in 100 extracted human teeth. Several exposure groups showed significantly higher dye-penetration microleakage scores than the unexposed control, while one exposure condition did not differ from control. The authors conclude that hair-dryer EMF exposure can increase microleakage and potentially compromise restoration integrity.

This blinded, two-year study examined whether RF-EMF exposure at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz affects pollinator visitation to Salvia and Lavandula. The authors report no significant effect on honey bee visitation rates. They report a significant reduction in bumble bee visits per observation period under RF-EMF exposure, which they frame as a potential risk warranting further long-term research.

This paper presents an application and numerical process modelling of a 13.56 MHz RFID module, including how nearby tags/cards and their positioning affect antenna characteristics. It also considers RFID operation near human tissues and discusses potential health impacts from prolonged EMF exposure at 13.56 MHz. The authors emphasize the importance of evaluating long-term exposure risks and call for additional scientific attention.

This cross-sectional study compared 183 higher-exposed residents with 126 matched reference residents and assessed symptoms via questionnaire alongside in-home RF-EMF power density measurements from mobile phone base stations. Higher exposure (including proximity within 50 m and power densities of 5–8 mW/m2) was reported to be associated with increased symptom prevalence across mood-energy, cognitive-sensory, inflammatory, and anatomical categories. The authors conclude that current public exposure limits may be inadequate for long-term, non-thermal biological impacts and call for precautionary policy updates.

This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study tested whether CACNA1C rs7304986 genotype modifies sleep EEG responses to 5G RF-EMF exposure. The authors report a genotype-by-exposure interaction, with 3.6 GHz exposure in T/C carriers associated with a faster NREM sleep spindle center frequency versus sham. The abstract also notes longer sleep latency in T/C compared with T/T carriers, and concludes that genetically susceptible groups may show differential physiological responses to 5G RF-EMF.

This cross-sectional observational study assessed sperm motility after one hour of in vitro exposure of semen samples to EMFs from different laboratory sources in an IVF setting. It reports a statistically significant reduction in progressive sperm motility after exposure to mobile phones and Wi-Fi repeaters, while other EMF-emitting equipment showed no significant effect. The authors interpret the findings as indicating a potential negative impact of specific RF sources and call for further research, alongside practical mitigation suggestions in IVF laboratories.

This paper proposes a new methodology to better assess indoor RF-EMF exposure in buildings near telecommunication base station antennas by refining measurement-point selection. Implemented in four multi-storey buildings in Natal, Brazil, indoor electric field peaks and averages were reported to be substantially higher than ground-level measurements. Although the highest indoor levels remained below ICNIRP recommended limits, the authors argue current regulatory evaluation methods may underestimate indoor exposure in certain building locations.

This exposure-assessment study uses FDTD simulations to evaluate auto-induced downlink RF-EMF exposure at 3.5 GHz when downlink energy is focused toward user equipment near the head. Exposure varied substantially by device position (ear, eyes, nose) and by the precoding technique used. The authors report that the choice of normalization strategy can produce cases where ICNIRP basic restrictions are exceeded even when reference levels appear compliant, motivating a precautionary framing for compliance assessment.

This animal study examined thyroid histomorphometry in juvenile male Wistar rats after 2 weeks of 5G EMF exposure (3.5 GHz, 1.5 V/m). Exposed rats showed larger follicle and colloid areas and a significantly lower Thyroid Activation Index, which the authors interpret as thyroid hypoactivity. The authors suggest this may represent a potential health risk and call for further work including hormone assays and mechanistic studies.

This narrative review discusses low-intensity RF-EMF exposure, primarily from mobile phones, with a focus on thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. It reports that many rodent studies at 900 MHz describe cold-like thermoregulatory and behavioral responses and molecular findings suggestive of WAT browning, while BAT transcriptional changes typical of cold exposure were not observed. The authors indicate short-term adaptations may not disrupt homeostasis, but emphasize uncertainty about long-term consequences and call for further research, including at 5G-relevant frequencies.

This animal study measured core body temperature in free-moving male and female Sprague Dawley rats during and after 3-hour exposure to 1.95 GHz RF-EMF at multiple whole-body average SAR levels. A measurable thermal response was reported at 4 W/kg, while lower SAR conditions showed smaller or no significant temperature increases. The authors note that temperature dropped quickly after exposure ended, implying post-exposure measurements may underestimate peak heating.

This laboratory study examined whether a 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) influences the behavior of newly emerged honey bee workers. Compared with controls, the exposed groups showed behavioral changes, with some parameters showing statistically significant differences seven days after exposure. The authors frame RF-EMF as a potential environmental stressor and call for further research, including gene expression analyses.