This paper reports results from a large-scale, multi-phase measurement campaign in mainland France assessing changes in RF exposure associated with 5G deployment from 2020 to 2024. Using more than 24,000 on-ground measurements in direct view of 5G antennas, it finds small average increases in broadband exposure and increased contributions from 5G-related bands over time. The 3.5 GHz band contribution increased but remained a secondary contributor compared with legacy 800/900 MHz bands, and exposure during active downloading was higher than in idle mode.

This NIEHS report describes the development and testing of a flexible whole-body radiofrequency radiation exposure system for rats and mice using updated signals relevant to wireless technologies. In 5-day studies with CDMA- and GSM-modulated signals, no visible behavioral responses were observed and comet assays reported no DNA damage in multiple tissues. The report notes technical challenges, particularly difficulty obtaining reliable body temperature measurements during exposure, and positions the system as a prototype for future mechanistic toxicology studies.

This exposure assessment used personal exposimeters to measure RF-EMF levels in the 2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi bands in airport terminals and during four international flights, including flights with and without onboard Wi-Fi service. Reported mean exposures varied by route but were described as substantially below an international reference level (10 W/m²). The authors conclude exposure is low while also recommending ongoing monitoring and precaution due to potential health concerns mentioned as emerging evidence.

This exposure assessment study compared RF-EMF measurements averaged over 1, 6, and 30 minutes using contiguous 1-minute data collected over 30 minutes at four indoor/outdoor sites across 15 frequency bands. Relative deviations between shorter averaging times and 30-minute averages were largely within ±3 dB. However, statistical comparisons of overall exposure variability between 1- or 6-minute and 30-minute averaging produced inconsistent results, with broadcast and most mobile services <2 GHz appearing broadly similar between 1- and 6-minute averaging.

This exposure-assessment study proposes a Voronoi-diagram approach to visualize RF-EMF exposure across a city using personal exposimeter measurements of RMS electric field at seed points. Most mapped areas corresponded to about 1.9 V/m, with a maximum reported value of 11.4 V/m, all below the cited ICNIRP guideline level. The authors conclude the method is useful for communicating spatial variability, while also noting broader literature discussing potential health risks from EMF exposure.

This engineering/monitoring paper describes enhancements to the Serbian EMF RATEL system, which has continuously monitored RF-EMF since 2017, by adding drive test functionality to improve spatial coverage. The authors report preliminary quantitative drive test measurements and validation of the upgraded approach. The work emphasizes that characterizing spatial and temporal RF-EMF patterns can support exposure assessment relevant to public health risk evaluation.

This exposure-assessment study compares RF-EMF exposure maps produced using a broadband meter versus a personal exposimeter and aims to correct personal exposimeter readings to match broadband-based maps. The authors report that LOS/NLOS-specific correction factors reduce discrepancies, particularly improving LOS measurements affected by body shielding. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize correction factors and support scalable urban exposure mapping, with the authors noting that additional validation in other environments is needed.

This paper presents a machine-learning method to estimate ground-level electromagnetic radiation (electric field strength) in the near field of 5G base stations, using multiple technical and environmental input parameters. The authors report experimental performance with a mean absolute percentage error of about 5.89% and suggest the approach can reduce costs compared with on-site measurements. The work is positioned as supporting exposure management and base-station placement, while noting the need for careful EMF management due to potential health-risk links.

This paper describes measurements and simulations to support terahertz (THz) sensing of European honey bees for environmental monitoring. It reports dielectric characterization of bee body parts across 1–500 GHz, scattering-based validation of 3D-printed bee mockups, and THz imaging demonstrating detailed anatomical visualization. The work includes dosimetric simulations at 300 GHz to evaluate feasibility of non-invasive, continuous monitoring and notes potential relevance to assessing high-frequency EMF impacts on insect health and habitat safety.

This review examined experimental literature on whether RF-EMF exposures within ICNIRP (2020) limits affect IARC key characteristics of human carcinogens. It identified 159 articles and found that 38% of in vitro/in vivo measurements reported statistically significant effects, but higher study quality was associated with fewer reported effects and there was no consistent exposure-response pattern. The authors state that study diversity and generally poor quality prevent high-confidence conclusions for most key characteristics, while recommending replication of the few higher-quality positive findings under stringent standards.

This paper describes the development of a Bus-Exposure Matrix (BEM) to retrospectively estimate Swiss bus drivers’ exposures to 10 physicochemical hazards, including electric and magnetic fields. Measurements in representative buses were combined with technical inventories and INLA modeling to estimate annual exposures from 1985–2022. Reported trends include increasing peak noise and electric-field exposures over time, alongside decreases in several air pollution, vibration, and noise metrics.

This exposure-assessment study analyzed two years of continuous frequency-selective monitoring from 13 sensors in the five largest cities in Greece, focusing on the 3.6 GHz 5G band. It reports a gradual increase in 3.6 GHz environmental EMF levels over time and greater variability than legacy cellular bands, with 30-minute averaging reducing observed fluctuations. Despite the upward trend and variability, all measurements were reported to remain well below Greek and ICNIRP reference levels, and the authors emphasize the value of continuous monitoring as 5G deployment expands.

This exposure assessment reports 400 ground-level electric field measurements in Greek urban and suburban areas during 5G deployment. It finds that 4G contributes most to overall measured EMF exposure, while 5G currently contributes less. The study reports an inverse relationship between 3.5 GHz EMF levels and distance from 5G base stations, with urban areas showing higher levels than suburban areas.

This protocol and pilot study evaluated whether smartphone signal strength indicators can be converted into RF-EMF exposure estimates using derived formulas and regression models. The study reports a positive log-linear association between LTE RSSI and far-field (base station) exposure aggregated by location, while handset-related exposure at the ear and chest during data transmission showed negative log-linear trends with improving signal quality. The authors conclude the ETAIN 5G-Scientist app may support large-scale RF-EMF exposure assessment, but emphasize the need for more data to improve accuracy and address uncertainties in individual measurements.