Archive

29 posts

Electromagnetic Exposure from RF Antennas on Subway Station Attendant: A Thermal Analysis

Research PubMed: RF-EMF health Jan 28, 2026

This paper reports a multiphysics electromagnetic–thermal simulation of radiofrequency (RF) antenna exposure for a subway station attendant, estimating specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature rise in the trunk and selected organs at 900, 2600, and 3500 MHz. Using a COMSOL-based model with a detailed human anatomy representation, the authors found simulated SAR and temperature increases that they state are well below ICNIRP occupational exposure limits. The study concludes that RF emissions from antennas in the modeled subway environment pose low health risk for female attendants with similar characteristics to the model used, while noting the work is based on simulations rather than measurements.

Ambient RF-EMF exposure in surgical operating rooms from telecommunication antennas and Wi-Fi sources

Research PubMed: RF-EMF health Jan 22, 2026

This PubMed-listed study measured ambient radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels during surgical operations in 15 hospital operating rooms in Albacete, Spain, focusing on contributions from telecommunication antennas and Wi‑Fi. Using an exposimeter logging every 5 seconds across 67 procedures (~120 hours), the authors report that observed ambient RF‑EMF levels were comparable to other European indoor microenvironment studies. They report exposures in all operating rooms remained below 0.4% of the ICNIRP (2020) reference level, with the highest recorded mean value on the 2.4 GHz Wi‑Fi band.

Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields Exposure to Humans from Electric Vehicles and Their Supply Equipment

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2026

This study reports measurements of electric field intensity (E) and magnetic flux density (B) from electric vehicles (inside driver/passenger seats during driving) and EV supply equipment (near chargers during charging) up to 400 kHz in and around Chennai. E and B inside EVs and E around EVSEs were reported to be within ICNIRP/IEEE guideline limits. However, B around certain EVSE positions reportedly exceeded a general public threshold (~200 T), and a preliminary FEM analysis suggested relatively higher fields at charging infrastructure. The authors call for further research on long-term health impacts and recommend policy actions to mitigate exposure.

Best Anti-Radiation Phone Case 2026: Why QuantaCase is the Only Truthful Choice in a Sea of Scams

Independent Voices RF Safe Dec 11, 2025

RF Safe promotes its QuantaCase as the only “truthful” anti-radiation phone case and argues that many competing shielding cases use misleading “percent blocking” claims and can sometimes increase user exposure depending on design and phone behavior. The post mixes product marketing with broader claims about RF-EMF health effects, criticizing current exposure guidelines (e.g., FCC/ICNIRP) as outdated and insufficient for non-thermal effects. It cites various reports and analyses (e.g., a 2017 TV test segment and multiple study-count summaries) but does not provide verifiable study details within the excerpt.

When “Neutral” Becomes Biased: Teaching AIs to Question the Status Quo

Independent Voices RF Safe Dec 9, 2025

This RF Safe blog post recounts a conversation with xAI’s Grok about RF electromagnetic fields and argues that AI “neutrality” can become biased when it defaults to regulatory consensus (e.g., ICNIRP/FCC) as a proxy for scientific truth. The author claims Grok later acknowledged “regulatory deference” and that evidence from animal studies (NTP, Ramazzini), WHO-commissioned reviews, and proposed non-thermal mechanisms should prompt stronger scrutiny of thermal-only safety standards. The piece frames current RF exposure guidelines as outdated and insufficiently responsive to non-thermal biological-effect evidence.

Why the S4 Mito Spin Framework Demands Immediate Regulatory Overhaul: A Deep Dive into Non Thermal EMF Mechanisms

Independent Voices RF Safe Nov 26, 2025

RF Safe argues that a proposed “S4-Mito-Spin” framework explains non-thermal EMF biological effects and that current exposure standards (e.g., FCC/ICNIRP) are outdated because they focus on thermal limits. The article links EMF exposure to mechanisms involving voltage-gated ion channels (S4 segments), mitochondrial/NOX-driven oxidative stress, and radical-pair (spin) chemistry, and claims these mechanisms align with reported animal and human observations. It calls for regulatory overhaul and policy changes, citing various studies and legal/policy references, but presents these as advocacy claims rather than a balanced review.

The structural failures in U.S. policy and governance on radiofrequency (RF) radiation safety

Policy RF Safe Nov 25, 2025

An RF Safe article argues that U.S. radiofrequency (RF) radiation governance is structurally flawed due to outdated FCC exposure limits, misaligned agency responsibilities, reduced federal research activity, and federal preemption that limits local action. It promotes the site’s “S4-Mito-Spin” framework as a proposed non-thermal mechanism for RF/ELF bioeffects and cites animal studies (e.g., NTP and Ramazzini) as challenging a thermal-only basis for limits. The piece also discusses policy reforms, including a proposed “Clean Ether Act” and increased use of alternatives such as Li‑Fi, while noting that mainstream bodies (e.g., FDA, ICNIRP) do not consider non-thermal harms established.

Radio Frequency Exposure in Military Contexts: A Narrative Review of Thermal Effects and Safety Considerations

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This narrative review focuses on RF exposure in military contexts, emphasizing thermal effects as the established mechanism of harm and discussing safety limits set by bodies such as ICNIRP and IEEE. It reports that whole-body SAR limits (≤4 W/kg) generally prevent dangerous core temperature rises, but localized heating risks may persist for tissues like skin and eyes, especially when thermoregulation is impaired. The review highlights CEM43 as a potentially useful thermal-dose metric but notes complexity for transient exposures and calls for improved models and methods across relevant frequency bands.

Assessment of Electromagnetic Field Exposure from Multiple Sources Simultaneously in the High- Frequency Range Based on Safety Standards

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This conference paper proposes a method to assess combined EMF exposure from multiple simultaneous high-frequency sources using a normalized exposure ratio based on ICNIRP 2020 guidelines. It emphasizes a current gap in standardized absorbed power density (Sab) measurement above 10 GHz and proposes incident power density (Sinc) as a temporary surrogate. The work is framed as supporting compliance verification and safety measure design, with a stated need for future experimental validation and standardization.

Model Variability in Assessment of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This review examines how variability in computational dosimetry models affects assessment of human RF exposure from MHz to terahertz frequencies, focusing on SAR, absorbed power density, and temperature rise. It reports that anatomical scaling and model choices can drive meaningful differences in predicted SAR (including higher values in children/smaller models), while temperature-rise predictions are especially sensitive to thermophysiological parameters and vascular modeling. The authors indicate that computed variability remains within ICNIRP/IEEE safety margins but argue that uncertainties warrant ongoing research and refinement as new technologies (e.g., 6G) emerge.

Visualizing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure through Voronoi-based maps

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This exposure-assessment study proposes a Voronoi-diagram approach to visualize RF-EMF exposure across a city using personal exposimeter measurements of RMS electric field at seed points. Most mapped areas corresponded to about 1.9 V/m, with a maximum reported value of 11.4 V/m, all below the cited ICNIRP guideline level. The authors conclude the method is useful for communicating spatial variability, while also noting broader literature discussing potential health risks from EMF exposure.

The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This paper evaluates and critiques 12 WHO-commissioned systematic reviews and meta-analyses on RF-EMF health effects across outcomes including cancer and reproductive endpoints. It argues that serious methodological flaws and limitations in the WHO reviews prevent them from providing assurance of safety for cell phones and other wireless devices. The authors highlight reported evidence in the animal cancer review (high certainty for heart schwannomas; moderate certainty for brain gliomas) and describe dose-related adverse effects on male fertility and reproductive outcomes, including at exposure levels below current ICNIRP thresholds.

Investigation of fetal exposure to electromagnetic waves between 2.45 and 5 GHz during pregnancy

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This dosimetry study simulated fetal RF-EMF exposure between 2.45 and 5 GHz during the second trimester, estimating SAR10g in fetal brain and lungs. The presence of a belly-button piercing increased SAR, with maxima reported at 2.45 GHz (16 mW/kg in lungs; 14 mW/kg in brain). Despite these increases, all SAR values were reported to remain below IEEE and ICNIRP limits, while the authors note a precautionary implication regarding metal objects during pregnancy.

Numerical analysis of the thermal effects on adult with brain pacemaker implantation exposed to WIFI antennas

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This numerical study modeled RF exposure from WiFi/5G-type antennas near a 3D brain model with implanted brain pacemakers relevant to Parkinson’s disease. SAR and temperature increases were reported to remain below ICNIRP 2020 limits across modeled conditions, with maxima at a 90° antenna-to-brain angle. Despite compliance with SAR/temperature limits, the authors report modeled thermal strain and tissue displacement that could affect postoperative efficacy, leading them to recommend caution and increased distance from phones.

Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure Levels for Humans from Electric Vehicle DC Charging Stations

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This simulation study modeled EMF exposure from an electric vehicle DC charging pile transformer using adult and child human models at several distances and for in-vehicle occupants during charging. Reported peak B-field and E-field values at 0.1 m and modeled internal exposures decreased with distance and remained below stated ICNIRP occupational and public limits. Frequency comparisons (85–95 kHz) indicated decreasing B-field with higher frequency while E-field stayed relatively stable. The authors note the need for real-world measurement validation and further assessment in sensitive populations and multi-source settings.

Dual Evaluation and Spatial Analysis of RF-EMF Exposure in 5G: Theoretical Extrapolations and Direct Measurements

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This exposure assessment study evaluated 5G RF-EMF exposure using both theoretical extrapolations and direct measurements in semiurban and urban settings, including a campus case study. Measured and extrapolated exposure levels were reported to be within ICNIRP recommended limits, even under high network data demand. The authors also report a strong correlation between theoretical and instantaneous field exposures, supporting the validity of their dual-method framework.

5G RF EMF Spectral Exposure Assessment in Four European Countries

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This exposure assessment used 146 indoor and outdoor spot measurements in 2023 across Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland to characterize 5G (3.6 GHz) and cumulative RF EMF incident power density in public spaces and educational institutions. Reported maximum 5G-specific incident power density was 10.4 mW/m2 (3.2% of the frequency-specific ICNIRP guideline), and all measured levels were stated to be well within ICNIRP limits. Rural areas showed significantly lower incident power density than urban areas, and LOS conditions had higher average incident power density than NLOS. The authors recommend continued reassessment as 5G coverage expands.

Assessing exposure from different vehicular antennas in military applications: a computational study

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This computational study modeled electromagnetic exposure for military personnel near vehicular communication antennas across HF, VHF, and UHF scenarios. All simulated configurations reportedly met ICNIRP Basic Restrictions, though some exceeded ICNIRP Reference Levels in certain positioning and frequency combinations. The authors conclude that safety is generally maintained across the modeled conditions and that results can inform operational guidance and safety regulations.

A scoping review and evidence map of radiofrequency field exposure and genotoxicity: assessing in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological data

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This scoping review and evidence map (PRISMA-ScR) summarizes over 500 studies on RF-EMF exposure and genotoxicity across in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological research. The authors report a higher proportion of significant DNA damage findings in in vivo and epidemiological studies than in vitro studies, with DNA base damage commonly reported under real-world/pulsed/GSM talk-mode conditions and longer exposures. They conclude that DNA damage has been observed at exposure levels below ICNIRP limits and recommend precautionary measures and updates to guidelines to address potential non-thermal effects.

Magnetic Field Measurement of Various Types of Vehicles, Including Electric Vehicles

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This exposure assessment measured magnetic fields inside modern Japanese EVs, PHEVs, and ICEVs during actual driving using methods aligned with IEC 62764-1:2022. All measured magnetic flux density values were reported to be below ICNIRP public exposure reference levels. The study mapped in-cabin field sources and noted methodological differences may explain higher transient spikes reported in some international studies.

Standards: Exposure Limits for Brief High Intensity Pulses of Radiofrequency Energy Between 6 and 300 GHz

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This standards-focused paper evaluates ICNIRP and IEEE (C95.1-2019) exposure limits for brief, high-intensity pulsed RF-EMF between 6 and 300 GHz, particularly when exposures vary within the 6-minute averaging window. Using numerical and analytical modeling with a one-dimensional thermal tissue model, it reports differences in protection against transient skin heating, with IEEE described as more conservative than ICNIRP. The authors propose an adjustment to pulse fluence limits to improve consistency of protection and note that nonthermal and thermoacoustic effects were not analyzed.

Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and IARC carcinogen assessment: Risk of Bias preliminary literature assessment for 10 key characteristics of human carcinogens

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This review examined experimental literature on whether RF-EMF exposures within ICNIRP (2020) limits affect IARC key characteristics of human carcinogens. It identified 159 articles and found that 38% of in vitro/in vivo measurements reported statistically significant effects, but higher study quality was associated with fewer reported effects and there was no consistent exposure-response pattern. The authors state that study diversity and generally poor quality prevent high-confidence conclusions for most key characteristics, while recommending replication of the few higher-quality positive findings under stringent standards.

A novel approach for assessments of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure in buildings near telecommunication infrastructure

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This paper proposes a new methodology to better assess indoor RF-EMF exposure in buildings near telecommunication base station antennas by refining measurement-point selection. Implemented in four multi-storey buildings in Natal, Brazil, indoor electric field peaks and averages were reported to be substantially higher than ground-level measurements. Although the highest indoor levels remained below ICNIRP recommended limits, the authors argue current regulatory evaluation methods may underestimate indoor exposure in certain building locations.

Auto-Induced Downlink Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure at 3.5 GHz With Focusing Near the Head

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This exposure-assessment study uses FDTD simulations to evaluate auto-induced downlink RF-EMF exposure at 3.5 GHz when downlink energy is focused toward user equipment near the head. Exposure varied substantially by device position (ear, eyes, nose) and by the precoding technique used. The authors report that the choice of normalization strategy can produce cases where ICNIRP basic restrictions are exceeded even when reference levels appear compliant, motivating a precautionary framing for compliance assessment.

In-Situ Measurements of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Measurements Around 5G Macro Base Stations in the UK

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This exposure assessment performed RF spot measurements in line-of-sight to 56 active 5G macro base stations across 30 publicly accessible UK locations. Power density was measured across 420 MHz–6 GHz under multiple scenarios (background, streaming, downlink speed test, and extrapolated SS-RSRP decoding). Reported total RF and 5G-specific levels were within 1998 ICNIRP public reference levels, with 4G downlink contributing most of the measured exposure.

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