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This rat study examined effects of 2100 MHz and 2450 MHz EMF exposure on the bloodbrain barrier-related brain outcomes and whether ginseng modifies these effects. EMF exposure (1 h/day for 30 days) was reported to induce apoptosis in brain tissue, with decreased COX-2 gene expression and increased BAX protein.…

This rat study examined acute (1-week) and chronic (10-week) exposure to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation (3G UMTS-like) and assessed auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) alongside biochemical and histological brain measures. The abstract reports that acute exposure was associated with reduced MMN-related…

This animal study examined 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation exposure effects on auditory brainstem responses and brain oxidative/ultrastructural markers in adult rats. The 1-week exposure group showed prolonged ABR latencies and biochemical/structural changes consistent with oxidative stress and cellular injury. The…

This experimental study assessed cytotoxic and genotoxic endpoints in Trigonella foenum-graecum L. exposed to 2100 MHz and 2300 MHz EMF-r for 0.5–8 h/day. The authors report reduced root/shoot growth at longer daily exposures, increased chromosomal aberrations compared with controls, and reduced cell viability.…

This animal study exposed male Balb/c mice to 2100 MHz EMF for 120 minutes/day over 30 days and assessed cerebellar cortex outcomes. EMF exposure was associated with reduced astrocyte diameter and increased GFAP expression, while Purkinje cell size was not significantly changed. Crocin (50 mg/kg) given with EMF…

This in vitro study examined NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells exposed to 2100 MHz EMF and evaluated cell viability, cyclin D1, and NF-κB activity, with and without 200 nM selenium. The abstract reports reduced cell viability and increased cyclin D1 and NF-κB activity after EMF exposure. Selenium supplementation was reported…

This mouse experiment evaluated whether crocin (50 mg/kg) mitigates liver and kidney injury associated with 2100 MHz electromagnetic field exposure. EMF exposure was associated with increased serum markers of kidney and liver injury, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and histopathological/ultrastructural changes…

This animal study exposed male BALB/c mice to 2100 MHz EMF and assessed reproductive and hormonal outcomes, including sperm parameters, testicular histology, HspA2 immunoreactivity, and apoptosis. EMF exposure was associated with increased testicular apoptosis, increased abnormal sperm, and increased HspA2…

This experimental study examined whether 2100 MHz cell phone-related RF-EMF exposure affects oxidative stress markers in onion roots. After 1–4 hours of continuous-wave exposure in a single day, the study reports increased lipid peroxidation and ROS-related measures (MDA, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion).…