This PubMed-listed study models and experimentally validates how subcutaneous fat thickness affects temperature distribution during monopolar radiofrequency (RF) treatment used for skin tightening and tissue repair. Using finite element analysis (COMSOL) and in vitro pork tissue experiments, the authors report that thicker fat layers reduce achieved intratissue temperatures under the same RF settings. The paper concludes that RF energy parameters may need adjustment based on adipose thickness to reach desired effects while staying within stated epidermal safety limits.

This narrative review discusses bioelectricity arising from membrane potentials and its role in morphogenesis beyond neural tissues. It reports that evidence supports bioelectric signals influencing embryonic development, tissue repair, and disease-related processes, and summarizes cellular mechanisms for generating and sensing these signals. The authors also highlight that potential health implications from natural and artificial electromagnetic fields warrant further scientific attention.