This narrative review discusses proposed non-thermal mechanisms by which chronic, low-intensity RF-EMR from ubiquitous wireless sources may affect male reproductive health. It highlights oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired testosterone synthesis/steroidogenesis, and declines in sperm quality as reported outcomes. The authors argue that current SAR/thermal-based guidelines may not capture these endpoints and call for updated standards and precautionary measures.

This in vitro study used LC-MS metabolomics to assess how continuous versus intermittent RF-EMF irradiation affects mouse Leydig (TM3) and spermatogonia (GC-1) cells. The authors report stronger metabolic disturbances in TM3 cells under continuous exposure, including changes in amino acid and glutathione-related pathways, while intermittent exposure mainly affected fatty acyl and purine-related metabolism. GC-1 cells were reported to be less sensitive, and ADP changes were proposed as a potential metabolic signature. The authors interpret these metabolic disturbances as suggesting potential reproductive health risks.

This narrative review discusses how environmental factors may affect male reproductive health through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA regulation. It reports that electromagnetic radiation, particularly from mobile phones and wireless devices, is linked in the reviewed literature to reduced sperm count and motility, increased oxidative stress, and chromatin damage. The authors conclude there is a substantive connection between EMF exposure and adverse male reproductive outcomes and suggest practical risk-reduction guidance.

This review discusses potential impacts of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from technologies such as Wi‑Fi and mobile phones on the central nervous system, neurotransmitter dynamics, and reproductive health. It describes proposed mechanisms including oxidative stress, thermal effects, altered neurotransmitter activity, ion channel changes, and neuronal apoptosis, while acknowledging conflicting evidence. The authors note that Wi‑Fi RF exposure has not been confirmed to exceed safety guidelines but argue that updated standards and long-term studies are needed, particularly for children/adolescents and in the context of expanding technologies such as 5G.

This narrative review summarizes human and animal research on radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure (e.g., mobile phones, Wi‑Fi, occupational sources) and male reproductive outcomes. It reports that the literature links RF exposure with reduced sperm quality and increased DNA damage, often alongside oxidative stress and other proposed biological changes. Although inconsistencies are acknowledged, the authors conclude the overall evidence suggests harmful associations and call for standardized, long-term studies and reconsideration of guidelines.

This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis synthesizes human observational studies on radiofrequency EMF exposure and male fertility outcomes. It reports evidence of an association between RF exposure and poorer sperm parameters, including reduced quality, motility, and viability. The authors frame the findings as consistent with potential reproductive health risks and call for continued risk assessment and guideline development.