A rat study in Bioelectromagnetics examined GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz RF-EMF exposure (2 h/day for 30 days) and reported adverse changes in male reproductive hormones, oxidative stress markers, and testicular histology. The authors also tested Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and found it partially ameliorated some RF-associated alterations. The paper notes that because the exposure used a GSM-modulated waveform, findings cannot be extrapolated to FR1 5G NR signals, and calls for further research under real-world conditions.

This animal study exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi for varying daily durations over eight weeks and assessed reproductive hormones and LHCGR expression. Serum LH and testosterone did not differ significantly from controls, but LHCGR mRNA increased with longer exposure and LHCGR protein showed decreases with shorter exposures with partial improvement at 24 hours/day. The findings suggest molecular alterations in testicular tissue despite stable systemic hormone levels.

This rat study examined repeated 3.5 GHz RF exposure (2 hours/day, 5 days/week for 30 days) and thyroid-related outcomes, with and without quercetin. The abstract reports altered thyroid hormones (lower T3/T4, higher TSH) and increased oxidative stress in thyroid tissue after RF exposure. Quercetin appeared partially protective, though effects were not uniformly statistically significant, and SAR simulations indicated relatively higher absorption in the thyroid region.

This animal study exposed Sprague-Dawley rats (including pregnant females and offspring) to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi or mobile jammer radiation for 2 hours daily over two weeks and assessed thyroid hormones and thyroid histology. The abstract reports significant changes in T4 in exposed adult males and significant differences in T3 among male offspring exposed to jammer radiation. Histopathology reportedly showed disrupted thyroid follicular structure in exposed rats. The authors conclude these findings support a potential link between non-ionizing radiation exposure and altered thyroid endocrine and histological parameters.

This animal study exposed rats to a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field for 12 weeks and assessed hormones, sperm quality, and behavior. The abstract reports increased corticosterone, decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone, reduced sperm motility/viability, and increased anxiety-like behavior in exposed rats. Some hormonal changes reportedly persisted for at least 2 weeks after exposure ended, and the authors frame the results as indicating adverse endocrine, reproductive, and behavioral effects.

This animal study examined maternal mobile phone exposure during different gestational windows in Wistar rats and assessed ovarian development and hormones in neonatal offspring. Compared with sham (phone off), exposed groups (standby and conversation/standby) were reported to have lower neonatal estrogen and progesterone and reduced primordial follicle/primary oocyte measures, with stronger effects after longer exposure. The study also reports increased primordial follicle apoptosis, particularly in the conversation/standby condition, and notes effects even with first-week gestational exposure.