This animal study examined whether prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (2 hours/day) affects male reproductive outcomes later in life. Male rat offspring assessed at 12 months showed multiple adverse testicular and cellular findings in exposed groups versus sham controls, including impaired spermatogenesis markers, increased abnormal sperm morphology, increased DNA damage, and increased apoptosis, with full-gestation exposure generally most pronounced. The authors interpret the results as evidence of persistent reproductive toxicity from prenatal exposure and call for further mechanistic work and precautionary actions.

This animal study examined maternal mobile phone exposure during different gestational windows in Wistar rats and assessed ovarian development and hormones in neonatal offspring. Compared with sham (phone off), exposed groups (standby and conversation/standby) were reported to have lower neonatal estrogen and progesterone and reduced primordial follicle/primary oocyte measures, with stronger effects after longer exposure. The study also reports increased primordial follicle apoptosis, particularly in the conversation/standby condition, and notes effects even with first-week gestational exposure.

This animal study exposed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for 1 hour daily throughout gestation and assessed offspring outcomes postnatally. Sciatic nerve analyses at postnatal day 60 indicated persistent morphological alterations attributed to prenatal EMF exposure. However, the reported changes were not severe enough to significantly affect measured functional outcomes (including electrophysiology and locomotor tests).