This narrative review discusses proposed non-thermal mechanisms by which chronic, low-intensity RF-EMR from ubiquitous wireless sources may affect male reproductive health. It highlights oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired testosterone synthesis/steroidogenesis, and declines in sperm quality as reported outcomes. The authors argue that current SAR/thermal-based guidelines may not capture these endpoints and call for updated standards and precautionary measures.

This review summarizes studies reporting radiofrequency radiation (RFR)-associated changes in gene expression across biological systems. Reported affected genes relate to cellular stress responses, oxidative processes, apoptosis, DNA damage detection/repair, protein repair, and neural function regulation. The authors highlight reported gene expression effects at or below 0.4 W/kg SAR and argue this challenges current guideline assumptions, while noting that not all studies find significant effects.

This review discusses epidemiological and mechanistic reports linking EMF exposure with oxidative stress and disease risk, and introduces an Electromagnetic Pathogenesis (EMP) conceptual model. The model proposes that non-ionizing EMFs increase mitochondrial electron leakage via electron tunneling, raising free radical production and oxidative stress. The authors argue oxidative stress is a primary mechanism connecting EMF exposure to cancer, cardiovascular, neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative diseases, and behavioral/reproductive effects, and suggest reducing exposure may lower risk.

This study assessed whether sleeping with versus without a mobile phone (two-week intervals) affects sleep in medical students, using smartwatch-based monitoring. It reports no statistically significant differences in sleep quality or time spent in wakefulness, REM, light, or deep sleep between conditions. The authors report a statistically significant effect on minimum and average blood oxygen saturation during sleep and call for further research on nightly RF-EMF exposure.

This animal study examined whether prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (2 hours/day) affects male reproductive outcomes later in life. Male rat offspring assessed at 12 months showed multiple adverse testicular and cellular findings in exposed groups versus sham controls, including impaired spermatogenesis markers, increased abnormal sperm morphology, increased DNA damage, and increased apoptosis, with full-gestation exposure generally most pronounced. The authors interpret the results as evidence of persistent reproductive toxicity from prenatal exposure and call for further mechanistic work and precautionary actions.

This narrative review explores potential links between EMF exposure, metallic or mixed-metal dental restorations, and reported systemic and neurological symptoms despite normal diagnostic findings. It discusses hypothesized quantum-biological mechanisms (including spin dynamics and radical-pair mechanisms) that could mediate interactions between EMFs and dental metals. The authors conclude that the complexity of these interactions warrants more rigorous research and emphasize that a possible health-risk link should not be ignored.

This conference paper uses COMSOL Multiphysics simulations to evaluate thermal and SAR-based exposure limits for modeled human skin exposed to terahertz radiation (0.1–5 THz). The authors report negligible temperature increases at power densities consistent with keeping SAR below 1.6 W/kg, but note that higher power densities can yield minimal heating while producing SAR values above recognized safety thresholds. They conclude that existing sub-THz standards are not directly transferable to the full THz band and call for updated guidelines, especially for prolonged exposure.

This animal experimental study exposed chicken embryos (CAM) continuously to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi at an average power density of 300 μW/m2 for 9 or 14 embryonic days. H&E staining reportedly showed no significant structural differences in large vessel walls versus controls. However, special staining reported decreased optical density of elastic fibers at both time points and changes in collagen fiber optical density (increase at day 9, decrease at day 14). The authors conclude Wi-Fi exposure can alter fibrous vessel wall components and suggest potential relevance to cardiovascular disorders.

This occupational study compared oxidative stress biomarkers across four groups: control, noise-only, ELF-EMF-only, and combined noise plus ELF-EMF exposure in power plant workers. The combined exposure group showed higher lipid peroxidation (MDA) and lower antioxidant-related measures (GSH and TAC) versus controls, while SOD activity was reduced in the noise-only and combined groups. The authors interpret these findings as evidence linking concurrent noise and ELF-EMF exposure with increased oxidative stress and call for further research and occupational safety guidance.

This paper evaluates and critiques 12 WHO-commissioned systematic reviews and meta-analyses on RF-EMF health effects across outcomes including cancer and reproductive endpoints. It argues that serious methodological flaws and limitations in the WHO reviews prevent them from providing assurance of safety for cell phones and other wireless devices. The authors highlight reported evidence in the animal cancer review (high certainty for heart schwannomas; moderate certainty for brain gliomas) and describe dose-related adverse effects on male fertility and reproductive outcomes, including at exposure levels below current ICNIRP thresholds.

The review states there is no scientific consensus on whether Wi‑Fi (2.4/5 GHz) contributes to Alzheimer's disease through oxidative stress, and that existing results are mixed and inconclusive. It discusses an indirect analysis linking oxidative-stress-responsive genes after 2.4 GHz exposure with genes associated with Alzheimer's disease. The authors suggest chronic exposure could affect regulation of neurodegeneration-related genes (e.g., GSK3B, APOE), while emphasizing that a direct relationship has not been demonstrated and more research is needed.

This cross-sectional questionnaire study surveyed 355 Polish physicians about EMF health effects and electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). Physicians reported limited knowledge and low familiarity with WHO guidance for managing people who believe they are hypersensitive to EMF, though most were willing to learn more. Many physicians reported encountering patients attributing symptoms to EMF, which the authors frame as highlighting a need for improved physician education and reliable public information.

This Mendelian randomization study assessed whether duration of mobile phone use is causally related to stroke outcomes using GWAS-derived SNP instruments. The inverse-variance weighted analysis reported a significant increased risk for large artery atherosclerosis (LAAS) with longer mobile phone use duration, while other stroke outcomes showed no significant associations. Sensitivity analyses (including MR-Egger and heterogeneity/asymmetry tests) were reported as suggesting the LAAS finding was robust.

This in vitro study used LC-MS metabolomics to assess how continuous versus intermittent RF-EMF irradiation affects mouse Leydig (TM3) and spermatogonia (GC-1) cells. The authors report stronger metabolic disturbances in TM3 cells under continuous exposure, including changes in amino acid and glutathione-related pathways, while intermittent exposure mainly affected fatty acyl and purine-related metabolism. GC-1 cells were reported to be less sensitive, and ADP changes were proposed as a potential metabolic signature. The authors interpret these metabolic disturbances as suggesting potential reproductive health risks.

This in vitro study reports that radiofrequency (RF) exposure in the 800–2,400 MHz range modulates differentiation pathways in human cortical organoids derived from embryonic stem cells. RF exposure is described as maintaining radial glia stem cell identity and delaying differentiation, alongside induction of endogenous retrovirus expression and increased expression of ASD-associated genes and retroelements. The abstract attributes these effects to dysregulation of BET proteins and reports that BET inhibition rescues the RF-associated developmental defects.

This animal study used metabolomics to assess metabolic changes in male Drosophila melanogaster exposed to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m². It reports disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites, with significant decreases in several metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, and AMP. The authors interpret the findings as suggesting RF-EMF-related metabolic disturbance, while noting no clear dose-dependent pattern.

This case-control study in Mexico City (2017–2022) evaluated residential ELF-MF and device-use proxies for RF exposure in relation to childhood CNS tumor risk. Elevated residential ELF-MF (≥0.4 μT) was associated with approximately doubled odds of CNST, while cell phone use showed no association. Prolonged tablet use, with or without internet connectivity, was reported to be associated with higher CNST risk.