This 2025 review summarizes historical and modern literature on how bacteria may adapt to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from common sources such as mobile phones and Wi-Fi. It argues that RF-EMF exposure can influence bacterial survival mechanisms and could potentially compromise therapeutic interventions by promoting increased resistance. The authors frame these possibilities as a public health concern and call for continued research and precaution.

This case-control study in Mexico City (2017–2022) evaluated residential ELF-MF and device-use proxies for RF exposure in relation to childhood CNS tumor risk. Elevated residential ELF-MF (≥0.4 μT) was associated with approximately doubled odds of CNST, while cell phone use showed no association. Prolonged tablet use, with or without internet connectivity, was reported to be associated with higher CNST risk.

This numerical study modeled RF exposure from WiFi/5G-type antennas near a 3D brain model with implanted brain pacemakers relevant to Parkinson’s disease. SAR and temperature increases were reported to remain below ICNIRP 2020 limits across modeled conditions, with maxima at a 90° antenna-to-brain angle. Despite compliance with SAR/temperature limits, the authors report modeled thermal strain and tissue displacement that could affect postoperative efficacy, leading them to recommend caution and increased distance from phones.

This rat study assessed whether alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) modifies liver effects from extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure. ELF-MF exposure (2 mT, 4 hours/day for 30 days) was associated with increased liver pathology and higher apoptosis markers (TUNEL, caspase-3) compared with other groups. ALA reduced several histopathological changes and lowered TUNEL/caspase-3, but did not improve fibrosis or biliary proliferation.

This PRISMA-adherent systematic review searched PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for studies (2017–2024) on physiological or behavioral responses to EMF exposure, emphasizing studies reporting harmful or concerning effects. Across 24 included studies (human non-randomized, in vitro, and animal), the review reports negative biological effects including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, cardiovascular and fertility-related outcomes, neuronal activity changes, and plant photosynthesis impacts. The authors report that most studies had moderate to high risk of bias and therefore the overall certainty of evidence was lower, and they highlight major gaps in long-term human evidence and exposure standardization.

This narrative review examines research on radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from mobile towers and its potential association with genetic damage and genetic polymorphism in humans, with an emphasis on India. The abstract states that RF-EMR exposure may affect genetic material and suggests a link between EMR exposure and genetic damage, with possible implications for cancer risk and cell death. It also highlights that genetic polymorphisms may modify susceptibility and calls for further research to clarify health impacts.

This review compares two epidemiologic studies of radio-frequency radiation (RFR) exposure among military personnel with overlapping patient groups. One study reported a statistically significant increase in cancer among exposed individuals, while the other did not, which the review attributes to a smaller sample size. The review highlights similar cancer patterns across both studies, including a high proportion of hematolymphoid cancers and earlier onset among exposed individuals, and interprets these similarities as evidence of carcinogenic effects.

This review discusses how environmental exposures across air, water, and soil pollutants may influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and progression. It highlights EMFs as a potential aggravating factor, reporting associations with oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium dysregulation, and accelerated amyloid-beta plaque accumulation in animal and human studies. The authors emphasize risk reduction strategies and call for further research and public health interventions.

This preprint discusses the microwave auditory effect, in which pulsed microwave exposure can produce perceived clicks or buzzing sensations. It considers whether acoustic pressures in the head generated by pulsed microwaves could explain health conditions such as "Havana Syndrome." The abstract emphasizes evaluating potential risks from electromagnetic field exposures but does not provide specific methods or quantitative results.

This study used computational dosimetry to analyze induced electric fields in a realistic human body model for a 60 Hz magnetic-field exposure system targeting the leg. Simulations indicated high EF intensities in several leg nerves and modeled conditions consistent with possible peripheral nerve stimulation. The MRG model produced lower stimulation thresholds than the SENN model, and nerve orientation was reported as a key determinant of stimulation risk.

This prospective cohort study followed 105 neonates/infants for one year and measured household RF-EMF using a selective radiation meter, categorizing exposure into tertiles. Higher household RF-EMF exposure was associated with lower ASQ-3 neurodevelopmental scores, particularly in motor and problem-solving domains, and higher odds of monitor/refer classifications for fine motor and problem-solving. The abstract notes these associations persisted after adjustment for low birth weight, though exposure was measured at a single time point and key confounders (e.g., prenatal phone use, parental interaction) were not assessed.

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science literature (2012–2025) on potential health effects related to 5G antennas. It reports a marked increase in publications in the past five years, with substantial attention to dosimetric metrics (SAR and power density) and their regulatory limits. The authors forecast continued growth in the field and emphasize the need for ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration focused on potential health risks and compliance.

This conference paper uses numerical simulations to evaluate near-field exposure and thermal effects in a detailed human head model from a realistic 5G mobile phone operating at 26 GHz. The preliminary modeling suggests moderate, localized temperature increases in superficial tissues. The authors emphasize the need for higher-resolution models, refined tissue segmentation, longer exposure durations, and varied phone placements to better characterize potential impacts.

This retrospective observational study analyzed Murmuras app data from 1074 participants in 2022 to examine demographic differences in smartphone use and nocturnal smartphone inactivity duration (a proxy for sleep-related behavior). Nighttime smartphone use increased, especially for social media and entertainment, and usage patterns varied by gender, age, education, and employment status. Most demographic groups showed no significant correlation between usage duration and nocturnal inactivity, although some subgroups showed correlations in either direction. The authors frame excessive nighttime smartphone use as potentially adverse for sleep and link this behavioral exposure to electromagnetic fields with sleep health risks.

This study uses anatomically detailed computational models of a five-year-old girl, a pregnant woman in the third trimester, and a fetus to simulate mobile phone RF exposure inside an elevator cabin. Simulations at 1000 MHz and 1800 MHz across 48 configurations evaluated SAR10g, whole-body SAR, and maximum temperature. The abstract reports that configuration (positioning and phone orientation) can substantially change absorption and temperature metrics and calls for broader scenario testing to inform safety guidance for vulnerable populations.

This dosimetry study used FDTD simulations at 28 GHz to evaluate how skin stratification and anthropomorphic modeling affect absorbed power density (APD) estimates. APD was higher with stratified skin than with homogeneous skin for a wearable patch antenna (16%–30% higher), while plane-wave differences were smaller (<11%). The authors argue that simplified skin models may underestimate exposure in mmWave wearable scenarios.