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This animal study examined 2.45 GHz microwave exposure in male Swiss albino mice for 2 hours per day over 30 days. The authors report increased oxidative stress markers and reduced antioxidant enzymes and testosterone in exposed mice versus sham controls. They also report micronuclei formation in blood and…

This animal study exposed 12-week-old male mice to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave microwave radiation (average power density 0.0248 mW/cm; whole-body SAR 0.0146 W/kg) for 2 hours/day over 15, 30, or 60 days. The authors evaluated testicular histology, testosterone, oxidative/nitrosative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes,…

This animal study examined pulsed-wave 2.45 GHz microwave radiation exposure (1 or 3 hours daily for 3 weeks) in adult and juvenile rats and assessed neurogenesis-related markers in the rostral migratory stream. The authors report reduced cell proliferation in adults and longer-lasting effects on cell death after…

This animal study used developing quail embryos to assess oxidative and mutagenic effects of low-intensity GSM 1800 MHz radiation from a commercial smartphone. The authors report statistically significant increases in oxidative stress markers, DNA integrity damage, and oxidative DNA damage (8-oxo-dG) in exposed…

This animal study exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone RF radiation for 4 hours and assessed ERα promoter methylation in colon tissue. The authors report altered ERα methylation patterns versus controls after RF exposure. They also report no radioadaptive response in ERα methylation following…

This animal study examined whether long-term 900 MHz GSM-like microwave exposure affects experimentally induced cutaneous candidiasis in BALB/c mice. Exposed mice reportedly had delayed wound healing and higher Candida loads in skin lesions compared with unexposed mice. Following systemic Candida challenge, exposed…

This animal study examined liver outcomes in rat offspring 60 days after prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for 24 hours/day during gestation. The exposed group showed biochemical changes consistent with oxidative stress (higher MDA, lower GSH) and elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST). Histopathology…

This animal study evaluated 50 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure and brain histopathology in Cyprinus carpio. Fish were sham-exposed or exposed to magnetic field intensities from 0.1 to 7 mT for 0.5 or 1 hour. The authors report severe brain histopathological changes at intensities ≥3 mT,…

This animal study examined whether omega-3 modifies adrenal gland changes in rats exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Rats exposed 60 minutes/day for 15 days showed significantly increased adrenal gland volume versus controls. Omega-3 co-treatment was associated with significantly lower adrenal gland volume…

This animal study examined iron distribution in rabbit cerebellum after exposure to RF electromagnetic fields, using light and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive microanalysis. The authors report dystrophic changes in Purkinje cells in irradiated groups and deposits containing multiple elements…

This animal study exposed Eisenia fetida earthworms to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields at 10–120 V/m for 2 hours (with additional tests of longer exposure, modulation, and recovery). The authors report significant DNA modifications across exposure treatments and a decrease in probe hybridisation sites persisting after…

This animal study examined whether extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) from a high-voltage source alter trace element concentrations in rat teeth and whether antioxidants (melatonin and glutathione) modify these changes. Rats were exposed 8 hours/day for 26 or 52 days, with separate sham…

This animal study exposed Trichoplusia ni larvae to 60 Hz, 2.0 mT ELF-EMF for 24, 48, or 72 hours and assessed immune parameters and fertility. The abstract reports no effect on life cycle and fertility after 24 hours, but several immune-related measures changed after 48–72 hours, including reduced hemolymph protein…

This animal study examined prenatal exposure to 10 GHz microwave radiation starting at gestation day 0.25 or 11.25 until term. At 3 weeks of age, offspring from exposed pregnancies showed reduced brain and body weight and biochemical changes consistent with oxidative stress compared with sham controls. The authors…

This animal study examined whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 2 h/day over 35 days in male Wistar rats. The authors report increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver, brain, and spleen and histological changes across multiple organs compared with sham-exposed controls. They conclude the exposure…

This animal study examined combined exposure to microwave radiation and hypergravity in rats and assessed whether Rana sylvatica Le Conte oil had protective effects. The hypergravity plus microwave group showed reduced motor performance, reduced cholinergic enzyme activities, and reduced total antioxidant capacity,…

This animal study assessed redox-state changes in rat brain cells after long-term low-intensity ionizing radiation exposure or fractionated non-thermal UHF electromagnetic radiation. Both exposures were associated with decreased ubisemiquinone and increased NO-FeS-protein complexes, alongside increased mitochondrial…

This animal study examined whole-body RF-EMF exposure (900 or 1800 MHz) for 2 hours/day over 90 days in growing male rats, compared with sham controls. Exposed rats showed greater weight and length increases and higher levels of several hormones and calcium. The study also reports changes in femoral growth plate…

This long-term animal study exposed mice to a 50 Hz magnetic field (500 mG) prenatally and then through 15.5 months of life to assess tumor-related outcomes and fertility-related measures. Exposed mice had lower body weights and showed no increase in liver or lung tumor incidence. However, exposed female mice had a…