This narrative review discusses biological mechanisms and reported health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency (ELF) and wireless communication (WC) electromagnetic fields. It highlights oxidative stress and DNA damage as key mechanistic endpoints and proposes an IFO-VGIC pathway linking EMF exposure to ROS overproduction and cellular dysfunction. The authors interpret the broader literature as indicating risks (e.g., cancer, infertility, EHS) even below current exposure limits and advocate precautionary policy measures, including stricter limits and a 5G moratorium.

This review discusses the rapid deployment of 5G and the associated debate about potential human health impacts from EMF exposure, particularly at 3.5–26 GHz including millimeter waves. It emphasizes limited published studies in these exposure ranges and highlights EU-funded initiatives and research consortia aimed at closing knowledge gaps. The authors state that guidelines are generally considered adequate at present, but argue that uncertainties—especially regarding long-term exposure—support continued research and precautionary approaches.

This occupational epidemiology study used machine learning to evaluate whether workplace exposures (including magnetic and electric fields, vibration, noise, and heat stress) predict male reproductive indicators in 80 workers. The models and explainable AI outputs highlighted magnetic and electric field exposures and age as key predictors linked to lower free testosterone. The authors also report a 10-year forecast identifying electric field exposure as the most important long-term risk factor.

This scoping review evaluates evidence on mobile phone electromagnetic exposure and its effects on brain oscillations and cortical excitability in healthy individuals. Across 78 EEG studies (and 2 TMS studies), the authors report that exposure may be linked to changes in neural activity, including increased amplitudes in several EEG bands and possible changes in cortical silent period. However, substantial methodological inconsistency across studies limits firm conclusions, and the review highlights limited evidence for 5G/mmWave exposures and argues for precaution and potential guideline revision.

This animal study examined short- and long-term 700 MHz (lower-band 5G) radiofrequency exposure in female Wistar rats, comparing control, sham, and exposed groups. It reports no DNA damage and no change in estrous cycle length, but increased ovarian oxidative stress markers in exposed animals. Long-term exposure was associated with ovarian histopathological alterations, while estradiol and progesterone stayed within normal ranges and testosterone increased slightly but significantly.

This multi-hospital case-control study (n=316) examined associations between use of common household electrical appliances emitting ELF EMF and tumour risk. Most devices showed below-unity odds ratios, while computer screen and microwave oven use showed slightly increased odds with wide confidence intervals. Proximity to electricity transformer stations was associated with higher tumour odds, whereas proximity to powerlines was not.

Moon et al. (2024) report a systematic review and meta-analysis on cellular phone RF-EMR and brain tumor risk. The abstract summary states elevated risks for three brain tumor types in analyses considering ipsilateral (same-side) phone use and reports increased risk with heavy and long-term use. The text also highlights disagreement with the 2024 WHO review and raises methodological concerns about WHO conclusions.

This review describes public concerns and scientific reports of non-thermal biological effects from low-intensity ELF and RF exposures. It lists multiple health endpoints reported to be associated with ELF and/or RF and highlights the BioInitiative Report’s conclusion that a reasonable suspicion of risk exists at environmentally relevant levels. The authors argue that existing public exposure standards should be lowered and that mobile phone SAR guidelines should be revised based on biology and long-term risk claims.

This review argues that current mobile-telephony safety guidelines address excessive microwave heating but may not account for potential non-thermal influences of low-intensity, pulsed radiation. It highlights an asserted oscillatory similarity between pulsed microwave signals and certain electrochemical activities in humans as a reason for concern. While acknowledging uncertainty about health consequences, it notes reported consistencies between some non-thermal effects and neurological problems described by some users and people with long-term base-station exposure.