Exposure to 26.5 GHz, 5G modulated and unmodulated signal, does not affect key cellular endpoints of human neuroblastoma cells
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This in vitro study examined whether 26.5 GHz millimeter-wave exposure (continuous wave and 5G-modulated) affects key cellular endpoints in human neuroblastoma cells. Cells were exposed for 3 hours at SAR 1.25 W/kg using a reverberation-chamber system, with assessments including cell cycle and DNA damage. The study…
Protective effects of quercetin against 3.5 GHz RF radiation-induced thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This rat study examined repeated 3.5 GHz RF exposure (2 hours/day, 5 days/week for 30 days) and thyroid-related outcomes, with and without quercetin. The abstract reports altered thyroid hormones (lower T3/T4, higher TSH) and increased oxidative stress in thyroid tissue after RF exposure. Quercetin appeared partially…
Characterization of the Core Temperature Response of Free-Moving Rats to 1.95 GHz Electromagnetic Fields
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This animal study measured core body temperature in free-moving male and female Sprague Dawley rats during and after 3-hour exposure to 1.95 GHz RF-EMF at multiple whole-body average SAR levels. A measurable thermal response was reported at 4 W/kg, while lower SAR conditions showed smaller or no significant…
The proliferation rates of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells can be accelerated or inhibited by weak static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This in vitro study exposed HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells for 4 days to weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields (10 μT, 12–33 Hz) superimposed on a 45 μT static field. The authors report frequency- and amplitude-dependent increases or decreases in cell growth, including sharp inversions near 16.5 Hz with…
SAR Estimations in a Classroom with Wireless Computers
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This study simulated 1 g and 10 g peak spatial SAR (psSAR) in classroom settings where each student uses a Wi‑Fi laptop at 2.45 GHz and 100 mW. Maximum simulated psSAR values were reported to be below ICNIRP and IEEE recommended limits, but desk spacing and multi-user configurations could substantially increase psSAR…
Assessment of RF EMF Exposure to Car Driver from Monopole Array Antennas in V2V Communications Considering Thermal Characteristics
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This modeling study assessed RF-EMF exposure from a 5.9 GHz V2V monopole array antenna integrated into a car roof shark-fin antenna. Using COMSOL simulations with an adult male body model inside a vehicle, the authors estimated localized and whole-body SAR and associated core temperature rise over a 30 min averaging…
Single exposure to near-threshold 5G millimeter wave modifies restraint stress responses in rats
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
In a rat experiment (n=59), a single 40-minute whole-body 28 GHz exposure at near-threshold WBA-SAR levels was evaluated under normal and heat conditions with restraint. After accounting for sham-related restraint stress, exposure was associated with increased serum-free corticosterone 1–3 days later, especially when…
A Mini-Review of the Potential Health Impacts of Indoor Radiation Exposure in Companion Animals
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This mini-review discusses indoor radiation sources that may affect companion animals, including radon, radionuclides in feed, radiofrequency sources (phones, Wi-Fi, pet tracking devices), solar radiation, and extremely low frequency radiation. It reports that indoor radiation may negatively impact companion animal…
The Effect of Proximity Sensor & Grip Sensor Use on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in Smartphones
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This engineering study examined how smartphone proximity and grip sensors affect SAR during LTE and 5G NR operation in a 3D measurement environment. The abstract reports that enabling these sensors reduces SAR relative to being turned off, with reductions varying by sensor and frequency. The authors attribute the…
A Novel Design of a Portable Birdcage via Meander Line Antenna (MLA) to Lower Beta Amyloid (Aβ) in Alzheimer's Disease.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This translational engineering paper describes a portable RF birdcage/meander line antenna concept for repeated electromagnetic field stimulation at 64 MHz aimed at lowering amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease. The abstract reports prior in vitro findings in primary human brain cultures showing reduced secreted Aβ-42…
Risk factors of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT): Exposure to mobile phones during pregnancy.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This case-control study (57 CAKUT cases, 57 controls) evaluated multiple risk factors for CAKUT, including mobile phone-related EMF exposure during pregnancy. Longer maternal daily call time and higher effective SAR (SAR × call time) were reported to be associated with increased CAKUT risk, while phone proximity when…
Transcriptional response of primary hippocampal neurons following exposure to 3.0 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This in vitro study exposed rat primary hippocampal neurons to 3.0 GHz continuous-wave RF-EMF under low-SAR (minimal heating) and high-SAR (thermal) conditions and measured transcriptional responses by RNA sequencing. Twenty genes were significantly upregulated only in the high-SAR condition associated with a ~3.6°C…
A Deep Learning Framework for Evaluating the Over-the-Air Performance of the Antenna in Mobile Terminals.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This engineering study presents RTEEMF-PhoneAnts, a convolutional neural network framework to predict mobile phone antenna metrics (EIRP, TRP, and SAR) from near-field EMF distributions. Using a dataset of 7000 mobile phone models, the authors report statistical validation for predicted SAR/TRP and a validation…
Exposure to Radiofrequency Induces Synaptic Dysfunction in Cortical Neurons Causing Learning and Memory Alteration in Early Postnatal Mice.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This animal study examined 1850 MHz RF-EMF exposure (SAR 4.0 W/kg) in early postnatal mice and assessed synaptic and behavioral outcomes. The abstract reports reductions in dendritic spine maturation markers, decreases in PSD-95 puncta, inhibited neurite outgrowth, and downregulation of synapse-related genes in…
Improved assessment of radiofrequency electromagnetic field power deposition near orthopaedic device using a bone-inclusive ASTM phantom under 1.5T and 3T MRI.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This engineering/simulation study proposes a bone-inclusive ASTM phantom to improve assessment of RF power deposition near orthopaedic implants during 1.5 T and 3 T MRI. Using numerical simulations across multiple implant families, the authors report better correlation of peak 1 g SAR near implants with anatomically…
The exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic-fields inhibits the growth and potentiates the sensitivity to chemotherapy of bidimensional and tridimensional human osteosarcoma models.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This in vitro study tested a specific extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on three human osteosarcoma cell lines grown in 2D and 3D spheroid models. The abstract reports that ELF-EMF exposure inhibited proliferation and altered mitochondrial metabolism in the cancer models. It also reports…
Dariusz Leszczynski responds to comments of Maël Dieudonné on Leszczynski's review of the scientific evidence on the individual sensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EHS).
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This publication is a response to critiques of Leszczynski's earlier review on electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). The author argues that the existing EHS research base is scientifically and statistically inadequate and that it cannot justify claims that EHS is a settled issue. The author also argues that…
Sex-dependent impact of perinatal 5G electromagnetic field exposure in the adolescent rat behavior.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This animal study examined daily perinatal 5G EMF exposure in rats at the ICNIRP whole-body public exposure limit (maternal SAR 0.07 W/kg) from gestational day 8 to post-natal day 21. The authors report a 1-day delay in incisor eruption in both sexes and sex-dependent changes in stereotyped behavior in the open field…
Human osteosarcoma cells in response to ELF-MF: Morphological remodeling compared to cell proliferation.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study exposed human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cells to 2 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic fields with sinusoidal, triangular, or pulsed waveforms under continuous (3 h) or fractionated (3 days) conditions. The authors report significant decreases in proliferation and shape index in exposed cells versus…
Numerical Modeling and Computer Simulation of a Meander Line Antenna for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment, a Feasibility Study.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This feasibility study reports numerical modeling and HFSS simulations of a portable meander line antenna intended to deliver repeated electromagnetic field stimulation at 64 MHz for potential Alzheimer's disease treatment. Using two numerical head phantoms, the authors simulated E/H fields and SAR with a 50-W input…
The effects of RF coils and SAR supervision strategies for clinically applicable nonselective parallel-transmit pulses at 7 T.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This engineering study evaluated how different 7T parallel-transmit head coils and SAR supervision strategies affect nonselective pTx pulse design for a 3D-MPRAGE sequence. It reports that FOCUS pulses were more robust than universal pulses when applied across different coils, and that FOCUS inversion pulses…
Wearable Antennas for Sensor Networks and IoT Applications: Evaluation of SAR and Biological Effects.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro study evaluated SAR and erythrocyte membrane stability during exposure to a fully textile wearable antenna at 2.41 GHz under realistic (6.3 mW) and conservative (450 mW) input power conditions. It reports 1 g average SARs of 0.5758 W/kg and 41.13 W/kg, respectively. For membrane stability at 6.3 mW,…
EMF Antenna Exposure on a Multilayer Human Head Simulation for Alzheimer Disease Treatments.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This study uses HFSS/EMPro simulations to model a 64 MHz antenna exposure on a multilayer human head to match parameters previously used in neuronal culture experiments. The simulations report achieving up to 0.6 W/kg maximum SAR and approximately 0.4–0.6 W/kg across head layers with a 1 A peak current pulse. The…
Effects induced by a 50 Hz electromagnetic field and doxorubicin on Walker-256 carcinosarcoma growth and hepatic redox state in rats.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This animal study compared 50 Hz extremely low-frequency EMF exposure with doxorubicin (and their combination) in Walker-256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats, assessing tumor growth and liver redox-related outcomes. DOX and DOX+EMF were reported to inhibit tumor growth more than EMF alone, though EMF alone also showed an…
Modelling and Evaluation of the Absorption of the 866 MHz Electromagnetic Field in Humans Exposed near to Fixed I-RFID Readers Used in Medical RTLS or to Monitor PPE.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This study modelled SAR in humans near fixed multi-antenna UHF RFID readers operating at 866 MHz, representing RTLS and PPE-monitoring use scenarios. The modelling suggests that at 5 cm distance, SAR may warrant consideration against international exposure limits aimed at preventing thermal effects when effective…