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85 postsBioelectricity in Morphogenesis
This narrative review discusses bioelectricity arising from membrane potentials and its role in morphogenesis beyond neural tissues. It reports that evidence supports bioelectric signals influencing embryonic development, tissue repair, and disease-related processes, and summarizes cellular mechanisms for generating and sensing these signals. The authors also highlight that potential health implications from natural and artificial electromagnetic fields warrant further scientific attention.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses for the WHO assessment of health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, an introduction
This editorial introduces a special issue supporting the WHO assessment of health effects from RF-EMF exposure, based on nine protocols and twelve systematic reviews developed over four years by more than 80 experts. It summarizes that human evidence for major cancers was moderate-certainty for no or only small effects, with lower certainty for some cancer sites, while animal evidence reported higher-certainty effects for several cancer types and adverse effects on male fertility. For cognition, symptoms, and oxidative stress, certainty was generally lower and findings more variable, and the editors note ongoing methodological challenges and the possibility of unidentified mechanisms.
Prospective long-term follow-up of patients with idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields after a provocation trial
This long-term follow-up recruited participants from an earlier IEI-EMF provocation trial and re-administered the same questionnaire by telephone. Of 70 completers (35 IEI-EMF patients and 35 referents), 62.9% of patients reported recovery after an average of 1.8 years, with most recoveries described as spontaneous. Symptoms and EMF-related concerns generally decreased over time, and the authors suggest IEI-EMF may often be self-limited and consistent with nocebo mechanisms rather than direct EMF effects.
Navigating Environmental Crossroads: Pesticides, Bee Pollinators, and the Wireless Revolution
This article summarizes a webinar series and frames pesticides and wireless radiation as concurrent environmental health crises affecting ecosystems and public health. It asserts that evidence is building for adverse effects of EMF/wireless radiation in humans, animals, and bees, including “high-certainty links” between RF radiation and tumors in brain and heart nerves. It also suggests potential synergy between chemical and EMF exposures impacting bee hive productivity and argues for precautionary policy and stronger exposure guidelines.
Acoustic Pressures in the Head from Pulsed Microwaves: Can They Explain the Havana Syndrome?
This preprint discusses the microwave auditory effect, in which pulsed microwave exposure can produce perceived clicks or buzzing sensations. It considers whether acoustic pressures in the head generated by pulsed microwaves could explain health conditions such as "Havana Syndrome." The abstract emphasizes evaluating potential risks from electromagnetic field exposures but does not provide specific methods or quantitative results.
Impact of in vitro exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz fields on oxidative stress and DNA repair in skin cells
This in vitro study tested whether 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz RF-EMF exposure affects oxidative stress and DNA repair in human skin cells. Under acute exposure conditions (up to 24–48h) at SARs up to 4 W/kg, the authors report no significant changes in ROS markers, no adaptive response to oxidative challenge, and no impairment of UV-B–related CPD repair via nucleotide excision repair. The authors note that acute in vitro results may not directly generalize to chronic or real-life exposures.
Assessing exposure from different vehicular antennas in military applications: a computational study
This computational study modeled electromagnetic exposure for military personnel near vehicular communication antennas across HF, VHF, and UHF scenarios. All simulated configurations reportedly met ICNIRP Basic Restrictions, though some exceeded ICNIRP Reference Levels in certain positioning and frequency combinations. The authors conclude that safety is generally maintained across the modeled conditions and that results can inform operational guidance and safety regulations.
In situ electric field dosimetry analysis for powerline frequency peripheral nerve magnetic stimulation
This study used computational dosimetry to analyze induced electric fields in a realistic human body model for a 60 Hz magnetic-field exposure system targeting the leg. Simulations indicated high EF intensities in several leg nerves and modeled conditions consistent with possible peripheral nerve stimulation. The MRG model produced lower stimulation thresholds than the SENN model, and nerve orientation was reported as a key determinant of stimulation risk.
Combined effects of constant temperature and radio frequency exposure on Aedes mosquito development
This laboratory study tested combined effects of constant temperature and RF exposure on development of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from hatching to adult emergence. Temperature was reported as the primary determinant of developmental timing, with optimal development around 30 2 C. RF exposure (900 MHz and 18 GHz) was described as a secondary factor that could accelerate or prolong development depending on temperature, with synergistic shortening at 25 0 C and prolongation under suboptimal conditions.
The modeling of the interaction of pulsed 5G/6G signals and the fine structure of human skin
This paper uses advanced electromagnetic simulations of human skin microstructure to model exposure to realistic pulsed 5G/6G signals at 3.5, 27, 77, and 300 GHz. It reports localized, inhomogeneous absorption patterns linked to sweat glands and blood vessels, suggesting that treating skin as homogeneous may miss hotspots. The authors conclude that SAR-based standards may be inadequate for mmWave/sub-THz exposures and could underestimate potential risks, including possible nerve excitation.
Comparative Analysis of Beamforming Techniques and Beam Management in 5G Communication Systems
This engineering paper reviews and classifies beamforming techniques in 5G New Radio and examines beam management procedures at Layer 1 and Layer 2. It analyzes the spectral spectrogram of Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) to illustrate how configuration parameters influence spectral occupancy and synchronization-related performance in different deployment scenarios, including FR2. The work is framed as technical optimization, with only a general note that such knowledge may inform safety considerations related to EMF exposure.
Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure to a Child and a Pregnant Woman Inside an Elevator in Mobile Frequencies
This study uses anatomically detailed computational models of a five-year-old girl, a pregnant woman in the third trimester, and a fetus to simulate mobile phone RF exposure inside an elevator cabin. Simulations at 1000 MHz and 1800 MHz across 48 configurations evaluated SAR10g, whole-body SAR, and maximum temperature. The abstract reports that configuration (positioning and phone orientation) can substantially change absorption and temperature metrics and calls for broader scenario testing to inform safety guidance for vulnerable populations.
Analysis of Human Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields While Charging and Driving an Electric Vehicle
This paper describes planned experimental measurements of electric and magnetic fields generated by electric vehicles during charging and driving. The abstract emphasizes that occupants can experience notable EMF exposure due to proximity to vehicle electrical systems, while stating that specific health risks in the EV context remain uncertain. It also notes that manufacturers implement technological design solutions intended to reduce exposure.
Standards: Exposure Limits for Brief High Intensity Pulses of Radiofrequency Energy Between 6 and 300 GHz
This standards-focused paper evaluates ICNIRP and IEEE (C95.1-2019) exposure limits for brief, high-intensity pulsed RF-EMF between 6 and 300 GHz, particularly when exposures vary within the 6-minute averaging window. Using numerical and analytical modeling with a one-dimensional thermal tissue model, it reports differences in protection against transient skin heating, with IEEE described as more conservative than ICNIRP. The authors propose an adjustment to pulse fluence limits to improve consistency of protection and note that nonthermal and thermoacoustic effects were not analyzed.
Low frequency magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative disease: systematic review of animal studies
This systematic review synthesizes animal studies on low frequency magnetic field exposure in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. It reports no support for a causal induction of Alzheimer’s-type neuropathology in naive animals, while noting that evidence is too limited to draw strong conclusions for motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease regarding induced neuropathology. In models with pre-existing neurodegenerative disease, the review describes possible therapeutic effects on behavioral and neuroanatomical outcomes for dementia-related conditions, and no apparent effect on motor neuron disease progression.
Greater prevalence of symptoms associated with higher exposures to mobile phone base stations in a hilly, densely populated city in Mizoram, India
This cross-sectional study compared 183 higher-exposed residents with 126 matched reference residents and assessed symptoms via questionnaire alongside in-home RF-EMF power density measurements from mobile phone base stations. Higher exposure (including proximity within 50 m and power densities of 5–8 mW/m2) was reported to be associated with increased symptom prevalence across mood-energy, cognitive-sensory, inflammatory, and anatomical categories. The authors conclude that current public exposure limits may be inadequate for long-term, non-thermal biological impacts and call for precautionary policy updates.
Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and IARC carcinogen assessment: Risk of Bias preliminary literature assessment for 10 key characteristics of human carcinogens
This review examined experimental literature on whether RF-EMF exposures within ICNIRP (2020) limits affect IARC key characteristics of human carcinogens. It identified 159 articles and found that 38% of in vitro/in vivo measurements reported statistically significant effects, but higher study quality was associated with fewer reported effects and there was no consistent exposure-response pattern. The authors state that study diversity and generally poor quality prevent high-confidence conclusions for most key characteristics, while recommending replication of the few higher-quality positive findings under stringent standards.
Auto-Induced Downlink Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure at 3.5 GHz With Focusing Near the Head
This exposure-assessment study uses FDTD simulations to evaluate auto-induced downlink RF-EMF exposure at 3.5 GHz when downlink energy is focused toward user equipment near the head. Exposure varied substantially by device position (ear, eyes, nose) and by the precoding technique used. The authors report that the choice of normalization strategy can produce cases where ICNIRP basic restrictions are exceeded even when reference levels appear compliant, motivating a precautionary framing for compliance assessment.
Electromagnetic fields from mobile phones: A risk for maintaining energy homeostasis?
This narrative review discusses low-intensity RF-EMF exposure, primarily from mobile phones, with a focus on thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. It reports that many rodent studies at 900 MHz describe cold-like thermoregulatory and behavioral responses and molecular findings suggestive of WAT browning, while BAT transcriptional changes typical of cold exposure were not observed. The authors indicate short-term adaptations may not disrupt homeostasis, but emphasize uncertainty about long-term consequences and call for further research, including at 5G-relevant frequencies.
Mitigation of 3.5 GHz Electromagnetic Field-Induced BV2 Microglial Cytotoxicity by Polydeoxyribonucleotide
This in vitro study exposed BV2 mouse microglial cells to 3.5 GHz EMF for 2 hours and reports reduced cell growth and increased apoptosis alongside oxidative stress and signaling changes. The authors report that ROS generation and activation of JNK-1/2 and p38 MAPK were key events in the observed cytotoxicity. Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) reportedly reduced several EMF-associated cytotoxicity markers, suggesting a potential mitigating effect under the tested conditions.
The influence of Wi-Fi on the mesonephros in the 9-day-old chicken embryo
This animal study examined continual 2.4 GHz Wi‑Fi exposure (200–500 μW/m²) during 9 days of chicken embryo incubation and assessed the mesonephros at day 9. The authors report no adverse effects on general mesonephros development, but describe moderate degenerative changes and vascular congestion without inflammatory infiltrate. They also report significantly increased apoptotic and proliferating cells and up-regulation of caspase‑1 gene expression, interpreted as disruption of regulatory processes during development.
The proliferation rates of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells can be accelerated or inhibited by weak static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields
This in vitro study exposed HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells for 4 days to weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields (10 μT, 12–33 Hz) superimposed on a 45 μT static field. The authors report frequency- and amplitude-dependent increases or decreases in cell growth, including sharp inversions near 16.5 Hz with small parameter changes or reversal of the static field direction. Associated changes in membrane potential, intracellular calcium, and mitochondrial superoxide are presented as supporting a bioenergetic mechanism.
Rapid Deployment of 5G Wireless Communication and Risk Assessment on Human Health: Quid Novi?
This review discusses the rapid deployment of 5G and the associated debate about potential human health impacts from EMF exposure, particularly at 3.5–26 GHz including millimeter waves. It emphasizes limited published studies in these exposure ranges and highlights EU-funded initiatives and research consortia aimed at closing knowledge gaps. The authors state that guidelines are generally considered adequate at present, but argue that uncertainties—especially regarding long-term exposure—support continued research and precautionary approaches.
Skin Fibroblasts from Individuals Self-Diagnosed as Electrosensitive Reveal Two Distinct Subsets with Delayed Nucleoshuttling of the ATM Protein in Common
This study reports on 26 adults self-diagnosed with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) who provided skin biopsies to generate primary fibroblast lines. The authors describe two EHS subsets based on questionnaire and DNA damage-related measures, and report delayed ATM nucleoshuttling after X-ray exposure in all samples, interpreted as impaired DNA repair signaling. They propose a molecular model linking EHS to ATM pathway dysfunction and suggest this could relate to increased cancer risk or accelerated aging.
Potential Impacts of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Central Nervous System, Brain Neurotransmitter Dynamics and Reproductive System
This review discusses potential impacts of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from technologies such as Wi‑Fi and mobile phones on the central nervous system, neurotransmitter dynamics, and reproductive health. It describes proposed mechanisms including oxidative stress, thermal effects, altered neurotransmitter activity, ion channel changes, and neuronal apoptosis, while acknowledging conflicting evidence. The authors note that Wi‑Fi RF exposure has not been confirmed to exceed safety guidelines but argue that updated standards and long-term studies are needed, particularly for children/adolescents and in the context of expanding technologies such as 5G.