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This review-style text discusses polarized, coherent microwaves that are modulated and pulsed at extremely low frequencies (ELF) and suggests these characteristics may increase biological interactions. It emphasizes that intensity variability and ELF modulation are important for understanding EMF–biology…

This narrative review discusses biological mechanisms and reported health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency (ELF) and wireless communication (WC) electromagnetic fields. It highlights oxidative stress and DNA damage as key mechanistic endpoints and proposes an IFO-VGIC pathway linking EMF exposure to…

This cross-sectional study of 104 university student volunteers assessed whether mobile phone-emitted non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is associated with changes in parotid gland-related salivary measures. The authors report higher salivary flow rate and pH with longer mobile phone usage duration, along with…

This study reports on 26 adults self-diagnosed with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) who provided skin biopsies to generate primary fibroblast lines. The authors describe two EHS subsets based on questionnaire and DNA damage-related measures, and report delayed ATM nucleoshuttling after X-ray exposure in all…

This narrative review discusses how environmental factors may affect male reproductive health through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA regulation. It reports that electromagnetic radiation, particularly from mobile phones and wireless…

In a rat experiment (n=59), a single 40-minute whole-body 28 GHz exposure at near-threshold WBA-SAR levels was evaluated under normal and heat conditions with restraint. After accounting for sham-related restraint stress, exposure was associated with increased serum-free corticosterone 1–3 days later, especially when…

This animal study exposed Sprague-Dawley rats (including pregnant females and offspring) to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi or mobile jammer radiation for 2 hours daily over two weeks and assessed thyroid hormones and thyroid histology. The abstract reports significant changes in T4 in exposed adult males and significant differences…

This animal study exposed rats to a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field for 12 weeks and assessed hormones, sperm quality, and behavior. The abstract reports increased corticosterone, decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone, reduced sperm motility/viability, and increased anxiety-like behavior in exposed rats. Some hormonal…

This animal study examined maternal mobile phone exposure during different gestational windows in Wistar rats and assessed ovarian development and hormones in neonatal offspring. Compared with sham (phone off), exposed groups (standby and conversation/standby) were reported to have lower neonatal estrogen and…

This occupational epidemiology study used machine learning to evaluate whether workplace exposures (including magnetic and electric fields, vibration, noise, and heat stress) predict male reproductive indicators in 80 workers. The models and explainable AI outputs highlighted magnetic and electric field exposures and…

This animal study reports that prolonged RF-EMR exposure (2.45 GHz for 8 weeks) increased oxidative stress and ferroptosis in mouse testicular tissue and was associated with reduced sperm quality. Melatonin administration reportedly mitigated oxidative injury and inhibited ferroptosis. The abstract attributes the…

This study reports that terahertz radiation decreased a neuronal membrane area ratio (cytosol relative to protruding membrane area) beginning on the first day of exposure and persisting during the exposure period. It further reports altered neuronal firing/discharge patterns and increased peak postsynaptic currents…

This animal study tested whether short-term ELF-EMF exposure alters respiratory physiology in rats. Twenty Wistar albino rats were assigned to control or EMF exposure (50 Hz, 0.3 mT for 2 minutes) with respiratory parameters measured before, during, and after exposure. The study reports changes during exposure (lower…

This systematic review evaluated RF EMF exposure and cancer outcomes in experimental animals, including chronic cancer bioassays and tumor-promotion designs. Across 52 included studies, the authors report high certainty of evidence for increased malignant heart schwannomas and gliomas in male rats, and moderate…

This cohort study of 1,666 women in Yazd City examined electromagnetic-wave exposure from commonly used devices during pregnancy and birth outcomes. Longer cell phone call duration during pregnancy was reported to be associated with higher risk of miscarriage, abnormal birth weight, and abnormal newborn height.…

This review/overview argues that ultrafine particulate matter and industrial nanoparticles can reach the brain and accumulate in sleep and arousal regulatory regions, including orexinergic neuron hubs. It reports that ferromagnetic particles in these regions show motion responsive to low-intensity electromagnetic…

This animal study exposed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for 1 hour daily throughout gestation and assessed offspring outcomes postnatally. Sciatic nerve analyses at postnatal day 60 indicated persistent morphological alterations attributed to prenatal EMF exposure. However, the…

This animal study examined short- and long-term 700 MHz (lower-band 5G) radiofrequency exposure in female Wistar rats, comparing control, sham, and exposed groups. It reports no DNA damage and no change in estrous cycle length, but increased ovarian oxidative stress markers in exposed animals. Long-term exposure was…