Men with genetic predisposition face greater fertility challenges when exposed to electromagnetic radiation
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This case-control genetic association study in men from West Bengal, India examined variants in meiotic regulator genes (SPO11, RNF212, SYCP3) alongside reported exposure to electronic (electromagnetic) radiation as risk factors for azoospermia. It reports that genetic variants were associated with increased…
The modeling of the interaction of pulsed 5G/6G signals and the fine structure of human skin
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This paper uses advanced electromagnetic simulations of human skin microstructure to model exposure to realistic pulsed 5G/6G signals at 3.5, 27, 77, and 300 GHz. It reports localized, inhomogeneous absorption patterns linked to sweat glands and blood vessels, suggesting that treating skin as homogeneous may miss…
Comparative Analysis of Beamforming Techniques and Beam Management in 5G Communication Systems
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This engineering paper reviews and classifies beamforming techniques in 5G New Radio and examines beam management procedures at Layer 1 and Layer 2. It analyzes the spectral spectrogram of Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) to illustrate how configuration parameters influence spectral occupancy and…
Numerical Analysis of Human Head Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation Due to 5G Mobile Phones
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This conference paper uses numerical simulations to evaluate near-field exposure and thermal effects in a detailed human head model from a realistic 5G mobile phone operating at 26 GHz. The preliminary modeling suggests moderate, localized temperature increases in superficial tissues. The authors emphasize the need…
Smartphone Usage Patterns and Sleep Behavior in Demographic Groups: Retrospective Observational Study
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This retrospective observational study analyzed Murmuras app data from 1074 participants in 2022 to examine demographic differences in smartphone use and nocturnal smartphone inactivity duration (a proxy for sleep-related behavior). Nighttime smartphone use increased, especially for social media and entertainment,…
Temporal change of outdoor RF-EMF levels in four European countries: a microenvironmental measurement study
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This microenvironmental measurement study assessed temporal trends in outdoor RF-EMF exposure between 2016 and 2023 in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and Spain using harmonized walking-route measurements with exposimeters. The authors report no significant change in mobile base station (downlink) exposure…
Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure to a Child and a Pregnant Woman Inside an Elevator in Mobile Frequencies
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This study uses anatomically detailed computational models of a five-year-old girl, a pregnant woman in the third trimester, and a fetus to simulate mobile phone RF exposure inside an elevator cabin. Simulations at 1000 MHz and 1800 MHz across 48 configurations evaluated SAR10g, whole-body SAR, and maximum…
Comparison Between Broadband and Personal Exposimeter Measurements for EMF Exposure Map Development Using Evolutionary Programming
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This exposure-assessment study compares RF-EMF exposure maps produced using a broadband meter versus a personal exposimeter and aims to correct personal exposimeter readings to match broadband-based maps. The authors report that LOS/NLOS-specific correction factors reduce discrepancies, particularly improving LOS…
Machine Learning Approach for Ground-Level Estimation of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field of 5G Base Stations
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This paper presents a machine-learning method to estimate ground-level electromagnetic radiation (electric field strength) in the near field of 5G base stations, using multiple technical and environmental input parameters. The authors report experimental performance with a mean absolute percentage error of about…
Cluster Analysis of RF-EMF Exposure to Detect Time Patterns in Urban Environment: A Model-Based Approach
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This paper applies a model-based clustering approach (Log-Normal Mixture Model) to continuous RF-EMF monitoring data from the Serbian EMF RATEL network in Novi Sad to characterize temporal exposure patterns. The analysis reports separation of night versus day exposure values and identification of daytime periods…
Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This dosimetry study used FDTD simulations at 28 GHz to evaluate how skin stratification and anthropomorphic modeling affect absorbed power density (APD) estimates. APD was higher with stratified skin than with homogeneous skin for a wearable patch antenna (16%–30% higher), while plane-wave differences were smaller (
Magnetic Field Measurement of Various Types of Vehicles, Including Electric Vehicles
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This exposure assessment measured magnetic fields inside modern Japanese EVs, PHEVs, and ICEVs during actual driving using methods aligned with IEC 62764-1:2022. All measured magnetic flux density values were reported to be below ICNIRP public exposure reference levels. The study mapped in-cabin field sources and…
Analysis of Human Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields While Charging and Driving an Electric Vehicle
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This paper describes planned experimental measurements of electric and magnetic fields generated by electric vehicles during charging and driving. The abstract emphasizes that occupants can experience notable EMF exposure due to proximity to vehicle electrical systems, while stating that specific health risks in the…
Standards: Exposure Limits for Brief High Intensity Pulses of Radiofrequency Energy Between 6 and 300 GHz
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This standards-focused paper evaluates ICNIRP and IEEE (C95.1-2019) exposure limits for brief, high-intensity pulsed RF-EMF between 6 and 300 GHz, particularly when exposures vary within the 6-minute averaging window. Using numerical and analytical modeling with a one-dimensional thermal tissue model, it reports…
Effect of the radiation emitted from a cell phone on T lymphocytes in mice
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This mouse study examined whether cell phone radiation affects T lymphocytes over 2–8 weeks of exposure. CD4 and CD8 subset percentages were similar across groups, but after more than six weeks, exposed groups showed increased T-cell apoptosis and reduced transformation rates compared with shams. The study also…
Genotoxic and histopathological effects of 6 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on rat liver tissue
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This animal experiment exposed adult male rats to 6 GHz RF-EMR (0.065 W/kg) for 4 hours/day over 42 days and compared them with sham controls. The exposed group showed higher comet assay genotoxicity metrics, though not statistically significant, and more prominent liver histopathological changes (e.g., portal…
Single-cell analysis reveals the spatiotemporal effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure on the liver
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This animal study exposed mice to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields daily for up to 5 months and assessed liver effects using serum tests, lipidomics, histology, and single-cell/spatiotemporal transcriptomics. The authors report that hepatic cell types differed in sensitivity, with hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and…
Effects of coenzyme Q10 on sperm parameters and pathological changes induced by Wi-Fi waves in the testicular tissue of rats
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This animal study exposed rats to Wi‑Fi waves for 7 hours/day for 2 months and assessed sperm parameters, serum testosterone, and testicular/epididymal pathology, with and without coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). The authors report that Wi‑Fi exposure was linked to worse sperm parameters, lower testosterone, and adverse…
A Prolonged exposure to Wi-Fi Radiation Induces Neurobehavioral Changes and Oxidative Stress in Adult Zebrafish
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This animal study exposed adult zebrafish to 2.45 GHz Wi‑Fi radiation for 4 hours daily over 30 consecutive days. The authors report neurobehavioral impairments with altered locomotion, alongside decreased acetylcholinesterase and increased brain oxidative stress. They conclude these findings indicate a safety risk…
Investigation of the Effects of 2.45 GHz Near-Field EMF on Yeast
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This in vitro study exposed yeast suspensions to 2.45 GHz near-field microwave radiation at 2 cm and 4 cm for 20 or 60 minutes. It reports oxidative-stress-related changes (reduced antioxidant activity with increased membrane permeability) after 20 minutes at 2 cm, an effect not reproduced by conventional heating.…
Low frequency magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative disease: systematic review of animal studies
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This systematic review synthesizes animal studies on low frequency magnetic field exposure in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. It reports no support for a causal induction of Alzheimer’s-type neuropathology in naive animals, while noting that evidence is too limited to draw strong conclusions for motor neuron…
Proteomic Characterization of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Exposed to a 50 Hz Magnetic Field
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This in vitro study compared proteomic profiles of PBMCs from three human donors after 24-hour exposure to a 50 Hz, 1 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field versus unexposed cells. The abstract reports broad protein expression changes, including upregulation of proteins associated with metabolic processes and…
Microleakage of Amalgam Restorations after Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields of a Commercial Hair Dryer: An Ex-Vivo Study
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This ex-vivo experimental study tested whether electromagnetic fields from a commercial hair dryer affect microleakage of class V dental amalgam restorations in 100 extracted human teeth. Several exposure groups showed significantly higher dye-penetration microleakage scores than the unexposed control, while one…
Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields reduce bumble bee visitation to flowers
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This blinded, two-year study examined whether RF-EMF exposure at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz affects pollinator visitation to Salvia and Lavandula. The authors report no significant effect on honey bee visitation rates. They report a significant reduction in bumble bee visits per observation period under RF-EMF exposure, which…
13.56 MHz RFID Module - From Application to Process Modelling and Effects on Human Health
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This paper presents an application and numerical process modelling of a 13.56 MHz RFID module, including how nearby tags/cards and their positioning affect antenna characteristics. It also considers RFID operation near human tissues and discusses potential health impacts from prolonged EMF exposure at 13.56 MHz. The…