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This animal study examined short- and long-term 700 MHz (lower-band 5G) radiofrequency exposure in female Wistar rats, comparing control, sham, and exposed groups. It reports no DNA damage and no change in estrous cycle length, but increased ovarian oxidative stress markers in exposed animals. Long-term exposure was…

This narrative review summarizes human and animal research on radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure (e.g., mobile phones, Wi‑Fi, occupational sources) and male reproductive outcomes. It reports that the literature links RF exposure with reduced sperm quality and increased DNA damage, often alongside oxidative stress…

This animal study exposed adult male rats to 2.45 GHz Wi‑Fi from an active router for 4 or 24 hours daily over eight weeks and assessed reproductive organ histology and sperm parameters. The authors report histological changes in testes and epididymis, multifocal atypical hyperplasia in seminal vesicles, reduced…

This 2025 corrigendum relates to a systematic review of experimental RF-EMF exposure studies on non-human mammals and human sperm in vitro. The text reports an upgrade to high certainty for the key endpoint that male RF-EMF exposure causes a significant reduction in pregnancy rate when exposed males are mated. It…

This in vitro study exposed porcine endometrial slices collected during the peri-implantation period to a 50 Hz extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic field for 2 hours. The authors report decreased CASP7 and increased NOS3/eNOS mRNA and protein abundance after exposure, along with increases in additional…

This in vitro study exposed porcine endometrial slices from days 15–16 of pregnancy to a 50 Hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field for 2 hours. The authors report changes in several epigenetic-related markers, including DNA methylation machinery, histone-related measures (HDAC activity), global DNA…

This in vitro study exposed mouse spermatogonial stem cells to 50 Hz EMF (2.5 mT; 1 h/day for 5 days) and assessed oxidative stress and cell health outcomes. The authors report increased ROS and apoptosis with reduced antioxidant (catalase) expression, viability, and colonization after EMF exposure. Sertoli…

This animal study exposed male albino rats to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field for 2 or 4 hours and assessed reproductive hormones, oxidative stress markers, and testicular histology after 30 days. The abstract reports that EMF exposure reduced serum FSH, testosterone, and LH and catalase activity, while increasing…

This rat study examined 900 MHz EMF exposure effects on testes and whether luteolin modifies those effects. EMF exposure was associated with reduced testicular cell counts, lower testis weight and serum testosterone, increased SOD activity, and changes in sperm morphology versus controls. Luteolin co-treatment was…

This animal study exposed adolescent female rats to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field for 1 hour per day from postnatal days 35 to 59 and assessed ovarian histology and biochemical markers. The EMF group showed multiple histopathological changes in ovarian tissue and had fewer secondary follicles than the other groups.…

This animal experimental study exposed male Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 1 or 7 hours per day over two months and compared them with unexposed controls. The abstract reports time-dependent decreases in sperm parameters alongside increased apoptotic markers (apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3…

This cross-sectional study of men attending an infertility clinic assessed associations between self-reported mobile phone and wireless Internet use and semen parameters. Mobile phone usage period was not significantly associated with sperm count or morphology, while motility showed a borderline association. Higher…

This experimental animal study examined RF EMF effects on reproduction in CBA mice and on the morphofunctional status of their offspring under two exposure models. The authors report that repeated short-term RF EMF exposure (5 days, 10 minutes per day, 1.2 mW/cm2) affected pregnancy course, litter number, fertility,…

This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed whether mobile phone use or radiofrequency exposure is associated with semen quality. Across included studies, the meta-analysis found no adverse effects in human studies, but reported detrimental effects on sperm motility and viability in vitro and harmful effects on…

This 2014 systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis evaluated whether RF-EMR from mobile phones affects human sperm quality. Across 10 studies (1492 samples), exposure was associated with reduced sperm motility and reduced viability, while findings for sperm concentration were more equivocal. The abstract…

This animal experiment exposed 20 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 1, 2, or 4 hours per day over 30 days, with a sham-exposed control group. Hormone levels (FSH, LH, inhibin B, activin B, prolactin, testosterone) were measured by ELISA before exposure and at 15 and 30 days. After 30 days, the long…

This animal study examined prolonged 897 MHz electromagnetic radiation exposure (8 h/day) in first-generation male rats from irradiated parents, with exposure during embryogenesis and postnatal development. The abstract reports fewer births and a sex ratio shift toward more males. It also reports accelerated male…

This experimental study exposed adult male Wistar rats to 900 MHz GSM-band cell phone-related waves for 2 or 3 weeks and assessed sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity. All exposure groups showed significantly reduced sperm viability, motility, and total antioxidant capacity compared with controls.…

This animal study examined mouse testis after 8 weeks of exposure to a 3 MT electromagnetic field (4 hours/day). The authors report significant histological changes (increased primary spermatocytes, increased Leydig cells, and increased basement membrane thickness) in exposed mice versus controls. MT1 and MT2…

This rat study examined sub-chronic exposure to a 30 MHz electromagnetic field at 0–1600 V/m for 8 hours/day, 5 days/week, over 56 days. The authors report no change in ovarian wet weight, but dose-related changes in estrous cycle timing, reproductive hormones (higher LH and lower E2 at higher exposures), and ovarian…

This animal study exposed 36 adult male guinea pigs to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields at 5 Hz or 50 Hz and compared testosterone and testes tissue outcomes with sham/control conditions. After 5 days, the authors report a significant decrease in testosterone in exposed groups versus controls. They also…